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---
title: Communication APIs
---
### External API
The signer listens to HTTP requests on `rpcaddr`:`rpcport`, with the same JSONRPC standard as Geth. The messages are
expected to be JSON [jsonrpc 2.0 standard](http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification).
Some of these call can require user interaction. Clients must be aware that responses
may be delayed significantly or may never be received if a users decides to ignore the confirmation request.
The External API is **untrusted** : it does not accept credentials over this api, nor does it expect
that requests have any authority.
### UI API
The signer has one native console-based UI, for operation without any standalone tools.
However, there is also an API to communicate with an external UI. To enable that UI,
the signer needs to be executed with the `--stdio-ui` option, which allocates the
`stdin`/`stdout` for the UI-api.
An example (insecure) proof-of-concept of has been implemented in `pythonsigner.py`.
The model is as follows:
* The user starts the UI app (`pythonsigner.py`).
* The UI app starts the `signer` with `--stdio-ui`, and listens to the
process output for confirmation-requests.
* The `signer` opens the external http api.
* When the `signer` receives requests, it sends a `jsonrpc` request via `stdout`.
* The UI app prompts the user accordingly, and responds to the `signer`
* The `signer` signs (or not), and responds to the original request.
### More resoruces
* Changelog for [External API](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/cmd/clef/extapi_changelog.md)
* Changelog for [UI API](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/cmd/clef/intapi_changelog.md)
* Documentation about [Datatypes](datatypes)
## External API
See the [external api changelog](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/cmd/clef/extapi_changelog.md) for information about changes to this API.
### Encoding
- number: positive integers that are hex encoded
- data: hex encoded data
- string: ASCII string
All hex encoded values must be prefixed with `0x`.
## Methods
### account_new
#### Create new password protected account
The signer will generate a new private key, encrypts it according to [web3 keystore spec](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition) and stores it in the keystore directory.
The client is responsible for creating a backup of the keystore. If the keystore is lost there is no method of retrieving lost accounts.
#### Arguments
None
#### Result
- address [string]: account address that is derived from the generated key
- url [string]: location of the keyfile
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 0,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_new",
"params": []
}
```
Response
```
{
"id": 0,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"address": "0xbea9183f8f4f03d427f6bcea17388bdff1cab133",
"url": "keystore:///my/keystore/UTC--2017-08-24T08-40-15.419655028Z--bea9183f8f4f03d427f6bcea17388bdff1cab133"
}
}
```
### account_list
#### List available accounts
List all accounts that this signer currently manages
#### Arguments
None
#### Result
- array with account records:
- account.address [string]: account address that is derived from the generated key
- account.type [string]: type of the
- account.url [string]: location of the account
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 1,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_list"
}
```
Response
```
{
"id": 1,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": [
{
"address": "0xafb2f771f58513609765698f65d3f2f0224a956f",
"type": "account",
"url": "keystore:///tmp/keystore/UTC--2017-08-24T07-26-47.162109726Z--afb2f771f58513609765698f65d3f2f0224a956f"
},
{
"address": "0xbea9183f8f4f03d427f6bcea17388bdff1cab133",
"type": "account",
"url": "keystore:///tmp/keystore/UTC--2017-08-24T08-40-15.419655028Z--bea9183f8f4f03d427f6bcea17388bdff1cab133"
}
]
}
```
### account_signTransaction
#### Sign transactions
Signs a transactions and responds with the signed transaction in RLP encoded form.
#### Arguments
2. transaction object:
- `from` [address]: account to send the transaction from
- `to` [address]: receiver account. If omitted or `0x`, will cause contract creation.
- `gas` [number]: maximum amount of gas to burn
- `gasPrice` [number]: gas price
- `value` [number:optional]: amount of Wei to send with the transaction
- `data` [data:optional]: input data
- `nonce` [number]: account nonce
3. method signature [string:optional]
- The method signature, if present, is to aid decoding the calldata. Should consist of `methodname(paramtype,...)`, e.g. `transfer(uint256,address)`. The signer may use this data to parse the supplied calldata, and show the user. The data, however, is considered totally untrusted, and reliability is not expected.
#### Result
- signed transaction in RLP encoded form [data]
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 2,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_signTransaction",
"params": [
{
"from": "0x1923f626bb8dc025849e00f99c25fe2b2f7fb0db",
"gas": "0x55555",
"gasPrice": "0x1234",
"input": "0xabcd",
"nonce": "0x0",
"to": "0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0",
"value": "0x1234"
}
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"id": 2,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"error": {
"code": -32000,
"message": "Request denied"
}
}
```
#### Sample call with ABI-data
```json
{
"id": 67,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_signTransaction",
"params": [
{
"from": "0x694267f14675d7e1b9494fd8d72fefe1755710fa",
"gas": "0x333",
"gasPrice": "0x1",
"nonce": "0x0",
"to": "0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0",
"value": "0x0",
"data": "0x4401a6e40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012"
},
"safeSend(address)"
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 67,
"result": {
"raw": "0xf88380018203339407a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe080a44401a6e4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001226a0223a7c9bcf5531c99be5ea7082183816eb20cfe0bbc322e97cc5c7f71ab8b20ea02aadee6b34b45bb15bc42d9c09de4a6754e7000908da72d48cc7704971491663",
"tx": {
"nonce": "0x0",
"gasPrice": "0x1",
"gas": "0x333",
"to": "0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0",
"value": "0x0",
"input": "0x4401a6e40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012",
"v": "0x26",
"r": "0x223a7c9bcf5531c99be5ea7082183816eb20cfe0bbc322e97cc5c7f71ab8b20e",
"s": "0x2aadee6b34b45bb15bc42d9c09de4a6754e7000908da72d48cc7704971491663",
"hash": "0xeba2df809e7a612a0a0d444ccfa5c839624bdc00dd29e3340d46df3870f8a30e"
}
}
}
```
Bash example:
```bash
#curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"account_signTransaction","params":[{"from":"0x694267f14675d7e1b9494fd8d72fefe1755710fa","gas":"0x333","gasPrice":"0x1","nonce":"0x0","to":"0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0", "value":"0x0", "data":"0x4401a6e40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012"},"safeSend(address)"],"id":67}' http://localhost:8550/
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":67,"result":{"raw":"0xf88380018203339407a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe080a44401a6e4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001226a0223a7c9bcf5531c99be5ea7082183816eb20cfe0bbc322e97cc5c7f71ab8b20ea02aadee6b34b45bb15bc42d9c09de4a6754e7000908da72d48cc7704971491663","tx":{"nonce":"0x0","gasPrice":"0x1","gas":"0x333","to":"0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0","value":"0x0","input":"0x4401a6e40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012","v":"0x26","r":"0x223a7c9bcf5531c99be5ea7082183816eb20cfe0bbc322e97cc5c7f71ab8b20e","s":"0x2aadee6b34b45bb15bc42d9c09de4a6754e7000908da72d48cc7704971491663","hash":"0xeba2df809e7a612a0a0d444ccfa5c839624bdc00dd29e3340d46df3870f8a30e"}}}
```
### account_signData
#### Sign data
Signs a chunk of data and returns the calculated signature.
#### Arguments
- content type [string]: type of signed data
- `text/validator`: hex data with custom validator defined in a contract
- `application/clique`: [clique](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/225) headers
- `text/plain`: simple hex data validated by `account_ecRecover`
- account [address]: account to sign with
- data [object]: data to sign
#### Result
- calculated signature [data]
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 3,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_signData",
"params": [
"data/plain",
"0x1923f626bb8dc025849e00f99c25fe2b2f7fb0db",
"0xaabbccdd"
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"id": 3,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": "0x5b6693f153b48ec1c706ba4169960386dbaa6903e249cc79a8e6ddc434451d417e1e57327872c7f538beeb323c300afa9999a3d4a5de6caf3be0d5ef832b67ef1c"
}
```
### account_signTypedData
#### Sign data
Signs a chunk of structured data conformant to [EIP712](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-712.md) and returns the calculated signature.
#### Arguments
- account [address]: account to sign with
- data [object]: data to sign
#### Result
- calculated signature [data]
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 68,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_signTypedData",
"params": [
"0xcd2a3d9f938e13cd947ec05abc7fe734df8dd826",
{
"types": {
"EIP712Domain": [
{
"name": "name",
"type": "string"
},
{
"name": "version",
"type": "string"
},
{
"name": "chainId",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"name": "verifyingContract",
"type": "address"
}
],
"Person": [
{
"name": "name",
"type": "string"
},
{
"name": "wallet",
"type": "address"
}
],
"Mail": [
{
"name": "from",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"name": "to",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"name": "contents",
"type": "string"
}
]
},
"primaryType": "Mail",
"domain": {
"name": "Ether Mail",
"version": "1",
"chainId": 1,
"verifyingContract": "0xCcCCccccCCCCcCCCCCCcCcCccCcCCCcCcccccccC"
},
"message": {
"from": {
"name": "Cow",
"wallet": "0xCD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826"
},
"to": {
"name": "Bob",
"wallet": "0xbBbBBBBbbBBBbbbBbbBbbbbBBbBbbbbBbBbbBBbB"
},
"contents": "Hello, Bob!"
}
}
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"id": 1,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": "0x4355c47d63924e8a72e509b65029052eb6c299d53a04e167c5775fd466751c9d07299936d304c153f6443dfa05f40ff007d72911b6f72307f996231605b915621c"
}
```
### account_ecRecover
#### Sign data
Derive the address from the account that was used to sign data with content type `text/plain` and the signature.
#### Arguments
- data [data]: data that was signed
- signature [data]: the signature to verify
#### Result
- derived account [address]
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 4,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_ecRecover",
"params": [
"data/plain",
"0xaabbccdd",
"0x5b6693f153b48ec1c706ba4169960386dbaa6903e249cc79a8e6ddc434451d417e1e57327872c7f538beeb323c300afa9999a3d4a5de6caf3be0d5ef832b67ef1c"
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"id": 4,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": "0x1923f626bb8dc025849e00f99c25fe2b2f7fb0db"
}
```
### account_import
#### Import account
Import a private key into the keystore. The imported key is expected to be encrypted according to the web3 keystore
format.
#### Arguments
- account [object]: key in [web3 keystore format](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition) (retrieved with account_export)
#### Result
- imported key [object]:
- key.address [address]: address of the imported key
- key.type [string]: type of the account
- key.url [string]: key URL
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 6,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_import",
"params": [
{
"address": "c7412fc59930fd90099c917a50e5f11d0934b2f5",
"crypto": {
"cipher": "aes-128-ctr",
"cipherparams": {
"iv": "401c39a7c7af0388491c3d3ecb39f532"
},
"ciphertext": "eb045260b18dd35cd0e6d99ead52f8fa1e63a6b0af2d52a8de198e59ad783204",
"kdf": "scrypt",
"kdfparams": {
"dklen": 32,
"n": 262144,
"p": 1,
"r": 8,
"salt": "9a657e3618527c9b5580ded60c12092e5038922667b7b76b906496f021bb841a"
},
"mac": "880dc10bc06e9cec78eb9830aeb1e7a4a26b4c2c19615c94acb632992b952806"
},
"id": "09bccb61-b8d3-4e93-bf4f-205a8194f0b9",
"version": 3
}
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"id": 6,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"address": "0xc7412fc59930fd90099c917a50e5f11d0934b2f5",
"type": "account",
"url": "keystore:///tmp/keystore/UTC--2017-08-24T11-00-42.032024108Z--c7412fc59930fd90099c917a50e5f11d0934b2f5"
}
}
```
### account_export
#### Export account from keystore
Export a private key from the keystore. The exported private key is encrypted with the original passphrase. When the
key is imported later this passphrase is required.
#### Arguments
- account [address]: export private key that is associated with this account
#### Result
- exported key, see [web3 keystore format](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition) for
more information
#### Sample call
```json
{
"id": 5,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "account_export",
"params": [
"0xc7412fc59930fd90099c917a50e5f11d0934b2f5"
]
}
```
Response
```json
{
"id": 5,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"address": "c7412fc59930fd90099c917a50e5f11d0934b2f5",
"crypto": {
"cipher": "aes-128-ctr",
"cipherparams": {
"iv": "401c39a7c7af0388491c3d3ecb39f532"
},
"ciphertext": "eb045260b18dd35cd0e6d99ead52f8fa1e63a6b0af2d52a8de198e59ad783204",
"kdf": "scrypt",
"kdfparams": {
"dklen": 32,
"n": 262144,
"p": 1,
"r": 8,
"salt": "9a657e3618527c9b5580ded60c12092e5038922667b7b76b906496f021bb841a"
},
"mac": "880dc10bc06e9cec78eb9830aeb1e7a4a26b4c2c19615c94acb632992b952806"
},
"id": "09bccb61-b8d3-4e93-bf4f-205a8194f0b9",
"version": 3
}
}
```
## UI API
These methods needs to be implemented by a UI listener.
By starting the signer with the switch `--stdio-ui-test`, the signer will invoke all known methods, and expect the UI to respond with
denials. This can be used during development to ensure that the API is (at least somewhat) correctly implemented.
See `pythonsigner`, which can be invoked via `python3 pythonsigner.py test` to perform the 'denial-handshake-test'.
All methods in this API uses object-based parameters, so that there can be no mixups of parameters: each piece of data is accessed by key.
See the [ui api changelog](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/cmd/clef/intapi_changelog.md) for information about changes to this API.
OBS! A slight deviation from `json` standard is in place: every request and response should be confined to a single line.
Whereas the `json` specification allows for linebreaks, linebreaks __should not__ be used in this communication channel, to make
things simpler for both parties.
### ApproveTx / `ui_approveTx`
Invoked when there's a transaction for approval.
#### Sample call
Here's a method invocation:
```bash
curl -i -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"account_signTransaction","params":[{"from":"0x694267f14675d7e1b9494fd8d72fefe1755710fa","gas":"0x333","gasPrice":"0x1","nonce":"0x0","to":"0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0", "value":"0x0", "data":"0x4401a6e40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012"},"safeSend(address)"],"id":67}' http://localhost:8550/
```
Results in the following invocation on the UI:
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 1,
"method": "ui_approveTx",
"params": [
{
"transaction": {
"from": "0x0x694267f14675d7e1b9494fd8d72fefe1755710fa",
"to": "0x0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0",
"gas": "0x333",
"gasPrice": "0x1",
"value": "0x0",
"nonce": "0x0",
"data": "0x4401a6e40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012",
"input": null
},
"call_info": [
{
"type": "WARNING",
"message": "Invalid checksum on to-address"
},
{
"type": "Info",
"message": "safeSend(address: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000012)"
}
],
"meta": {
"remote": "127.0.0.1:48486",
"local": "localhost:8550",
"scheme": "HTTP/1.1"
}
}
]
}
```
The same method invocation, but with invalid data:
```bash
curl -i -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"account_signTransaction","params":[{"from":"0x694267f14675d7e1b9494fd8d72fefe1755710fa","gas":"0x333","gasPrice":"0x1","nonce":"0x0","to":"0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0", "value":"0x0", "data":"0x4401a6e40000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012"},"safeSend(address)"],"id":67}' http://localhost:8550/
```
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 1,
"method": "ui_approveTx",
"params": [
{
"transaction": {
"from": "0x0x694267f14675d7e1b9494fd8d72fefe1755710fa",
"to": "0x0x07a565b7ed7d7a678680a4c162885bedbb695fe0",
"gas": "0x333",
"gasPrice": "0x1",
"value": "0x0",
"nonce": "0x0",
"data": "0x4401a6e40000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012",
"input": null
},
"call_info": [
{
"type": "WARNING",
"message": "Invalid checksum on to-address"
},
{
"type": "WARNING",
"message": "Transaction data did not match ABI-interface: WARNING: Supplied data is stuffed with extra data. \nWant 0000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012\nHave 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012\nfor method safeSend(address)"
}
],
"meta": {
"remote": "127.0.0.1:48492",
"local": "localhost:8550",
"scheme": "HTTP/1.1"
}
}
]
}
```
One which has missing `to`, but with no `data`:
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 3,
"method": "ui_approveTx",
"params": [
{
"transaction": {
"from": "",
"to": null,
"gas": "0x0",
"gasPrice": "0x0",
"value": "0x0",
"nonce": "0x0",
"data": null,
"input": null
},
"call_info": [
{
"type": "CRITICAL",
"message": "Tx will create contract with empty code!"
}
],
"meta": {
"remote": "signer binary",
"local": "main",
"scheme": "in-proc"
}
}
]
}
```
### ApproveListing / `ui_approveListing`
Invoked when a request for account listing has been made.
#### Sample call
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 5,
"method": "ui_approveListing",
"params": [
{
"accounts": [
{
"type": "Account",
"url": "keystore:///home/bazonk/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2017-11-20T14-44-54.089682944Z--123409812340981234098123409812deadbeef42",
"address": "0x123409812340981234098123409812deadbeef42"
},
{
"type": "Account",
"url": "keystore:///home/bazonk/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2017-11-23T21-59-03.199240693Z--cafebabedeadbeef34098123409812deadbeef42",
"address": "0xcafebabedeadbeef34098123409812deadbeef42"
}
],
"meta": {
"remote": "signer binary",
"local": "main",
"scheme": "in-proc"
}
}
]
}
```
### ApproveSignData / `ui_approveSignData`
#### Sample call
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 4,
"method": "ui_approveSignData",
"params": [
{
"address": "0x123409812340981234098123409812deadbeef42",
"raw_data": "0x01020304",
"message": "\u0019Ethereum Signed Message:\n4\u0001\u0002\u0003\u0004",
"hash": "0x7e3a4e7a9d1744bc5c675c25e1234ca8ed9162bd17f78b9085e48047c15ac310",
"meta": {
"remote": "signer binary",
"local": "main",
"scheme": "in-proc"
}
}
]
}
```
### ShowInfo / `ui_showInfo`
The UI should show the info to the user. Does not expect response.
#### Sample call
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 9,
"method": "ui_showInfo",
"params": [
{
"text": "Tests completed"
}
]
}
```
### ShowError / `ui_showError`
The UI should show the info to the user. Does not expect response.
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 2,
"method": "ShowError",
"params": [
{
"text": "Testing 'ShowError'"
}
]
}
```
### OnApprovedTx / `ui_onApprovedTx`
`OnApprovedTx` is called when a transaction has been approved and signed. The call contains the return value that will be sent to the external caller. The return value from this method is ignored - the reason for having this callback is to allow the ruleset to keep track of approved transactions.
When implementing rate-limited rules, this callback should be used.
TLDR; Use this method to keep track of signed transactions, instead of using the data in `ApproveTx`.
### OnSignerStartup / `ui_onSignerStartup`
This method provide the UI with information about what API version the signer uses (both internal and external) aswell as build-info and external api,
in k/v-form.
Example call:
```json
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": 1,
"method": "ui_onSignerStartup",
"params": [
{
"info": {
"extapi_http": "http://localhost:8550",
"extapi_ipc": null,
"extapi_version": "2.0.0",
"intapi_version": "1.2.0"
}
}
]
}
```
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