yosys/backends/verilog/verilog_backend.cc

/*
 *  yosys -- Yosys Open SYnthesis Suite
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2012  Claire Xenia Wolf <claire@yosyshq.com>
 *
 *  Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
 *  purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 *  copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 *
 *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 *  WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 *  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 *  ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 *  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 *  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 *  OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 *
 *  ---
 *
 *  A simple and straightforward Verilog backend.
 *
 */

#include "kernel/register.h"
#include "kernel/celltypes.h"
#include "kernel/log.h"
#include "kernel/sigtools.h"
#include "kernel/ff.h"
#include "kernel/mem.h"
#include "kernel/fmt.h"
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <set>
#include <map>

USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

bool verbose, norename, noattr, attr2comment, noexpr, nodec, nohex, nostr, extmem, defparam, decimal, siminit, systemverilog, simple_lhs, noparallelcase;
int auto_name_counter, auto_name_offset, auto_name_digits, extmem_counter;
dict<RTLIL::IdString, int> auto_name_map;
std::set<RTLIL::IdString> reg_wires;
std::string auto_prefix, extmem_prefix;

RTLIL::Module *active_module;
dict<RTLIL::SigBit, RTLIL::State> active_initdata;
SigMap active_sigmap;
IdString initial_id;

void reset_auto_counter_id(RTLIL::IdString id, bool may_rename)
{
	const char *str = id.c_str();

	if (*str == '$' && may_rename && !norename)
		auto_name_map[id] = auto_name_counter++;

	if (str[0] != '\\' || str[1] != '_' || str[2] == 0)
		return;

	for (int i = 2; str[i] != 0; i++) {
		if (str[i] == '_' && str[i+1] == 0)
			continue;
		if (str[i] < '0' || str[i] > '9')
			return;
	}

	int num = atoi(str+2);
	if (num >= auto_name_offset)
		auto_name_offset = num + 1;
}

void reset_auto_counter(RTLIL::Module *module)
{
	auto_name_map.clear();
	auto_name_counter = 0;
	auto_name_offset = 0;

	reset_auto_counter_id(module->name, false);

	for (auto w : module->wires())
		reset_auto_counter_id(w->name, true);

	for (auto cell : module->cells()) {
		reset_auto_counter_id(cell->name, true);
		reset_auto_counter_id(cell->type, false);
	}

	for (auto it = module->processes.begin(); it != module->processes.end(); ++it)
		reset_auto_counter_id(it->second->name, false);

	auto_name_digits = 1;
	for (size_t i = 10; i < auto_name_offset + auto_name_map.size(); i = i*10)
		auto_name_digits++;

	if (verbose)
		for (auto it = auto_name_map.begin(); it != auto_name_map.end(); ++it)
			log("  renaming `%s' to `%s_%0*d_'.\n", it->first.c_str(), auto_prefix.c_str(), auto_name_digits, auto_name_offset + it->second);
}

std::string next_auto_id()
{
	return stringf("%s_%0*d_", auto_prefix.c_str(), auto_name_digits, auto_name_offset + auto_name_counter++);
}

std::string id(RTLIL::IdString internal_id, bool may_rename = true)
{
	const char *str = internal_id.c_str();
	bool do_escape = false;

	if (may_rename && auto_name_map.count(internal_id) != 0)
		return stringf("%s_%0*d_", auto_prefix.c_str(), auto_name_digits, auto_name_offset + auto_name_map[internal_id]);

	if (*str == '\\')
		str++;

	if ('0' <= *str && *str <= '9')
		do_escape = true;

	for (int i = 0; str[i]; i++)
	{
		if ('0' <= str[i] && str[i] <= '9')
			continue;
		if ('a' <= str[i] && str[i] <= 'z')
			continue;
		if ('A' <= str[i] && str[i] <= 'Z')
			continue;
		if (str[i] == '_')
			continue;
		do_escape = true;
		break;
	}

	static const pool<string> keywords = {
		// IEEE 1800-2017 Annex B
		"accept_on", "alias", "always", "always_comb", "always_ff", "always_latch", "and", "assert", "assign", "assume", "automatic", "before",
		"begin", "bind", "bins", "binsof", "bit", "break", "buf", "bufif0", "bufif1", "byte", "case", "casex", "casez", "cell", "chandle",
		"checker", "class", "clocking", "cmos", "config", "const", "constraint", "context", "continue", "cover", "covergroup", "coverpoint",
		"cross", "deassign", "default", "defparam", "design", "disable", "dist", "do", "edge", "else", "end", "endcase", "endchecker",
		"endclass", "endclocking", "endconfig", "endfunction", "endgenerate", "endgroup", "endinterface", "endmodule", "endpackage",
		"endprimitive", "endprogram", "endproperty", "endsequence", "endspecify", "endtable", "endtask", "enum", "event", "eventually",
		"expect", "export", "extends", "extern", "final", "first_match", "for", "force", "foreach", "forever", "fork", "forkjoin", "function",
		"generate", "genvar", "global", "highz0", "highz1", "if", "iff", "ifnone", "ignore_bins", "illegal_bins", "implements", "implies",
		"import", "incdir", "include", "initial", "inout", "input", "inside", "instance", "int", "integer", "interconnect", "interface",
		"intersect", "join", "join_any", "join_none", "large", "let", "liblist", "library", "local", "localparam", "logic", "longint",
		"macromodule", "matches", "medium", "modport", "module", "nand", "negedge", "nettype", "new", "nexttime", "nmos", "nor",
		"noshowcancelled", "not", "notif0", "notif1", "null", "or", "output", "package", "packed", "parameter", "pmos", "posedge", "primitive",
		"priority", "program", "property", "protected", "pull0", "pull1", "pulldown", "pullup", "pulsestyle_ondetect", "pulsestyle_onevent",
		"pure", "rand", "randc", "randcase", "randsequence", "rcmos", "real", "realtime", "ref", "reg", "reject_on", "release", "repeat",
		"restrict", "return", "rnmos", "rpmos", "rtran", "rtranif0", "rtranif1", "s_always", "s_eventually", "s_nexttime", "s_until",
		"s_until_with", "scalared", "sequence", "shortint", "shortreal", "showcancelled", "signed", "small", "soft", "solve", "specify",
		"specparam", "static", "string", "strong", "strong0", "strong1", "struct", "super", "supply0", "supply1", "sync_accept_on",
		"sync_reject_on", "table", "tagged", "task", "this", "throughout", "time", "timeprecision", "timeunit", "tran", "tranif0", "tranif1",
		"tri", "tri0", "tri1", "triand", "trior", "trireg", "type", "typedef", "union", "unique", "unique0", "unsigned", "until", "until_with",
		"untyped", "use", "uwire", "var", "vectored", "virtual", "void", "wait", "wait_order", "wand", "weak", "weak0", "weak1", "while",
		"wildcard", "wire", "with", "within", "wor", "xnor", "xor",
	};
	if (keywords.count(str))
		do_escape = true;

	if (do_escape)
		return "\\" + std::string(str) + " ";
	return std::string(str);
}

bool is_reg_wire(RTLIL::SigSpec sig, std::string &reg_name)
{
	if (!sig.is_chunk() || sig.as_chunk().wire == NULL)
		return false;

	RTLIL::SigChunk chunk = sig.as_chunk();

	if (reg_wires.count(chunk.wire->name) == 0)
		return false;

	reg_name = id(chunk.wire->name);
	if (sig.size() != chunk.wire->width) {
		if (sig.size() == 1)
			reg_name += stringf("[%d]", chunk.wire->start_offset +  chunk.offset);
		else if (chunk.wire->upto)
			reg_name += stringf("[%d:%d]", (chunk.wire->width - (chunk.offset + chunk.width - 1) - 1) + chunk.wire->start_offset,
					(chunk.wire->width - chunk.offset - 1) + chunk.wire->start_offset);
		else
			reg_name += stringf("[%d:%d]", chunk.wire->start_offset +  chunk.offset + chunk.width - 1,
					chunk.wire->start_offset +  chunk.offset);
	}

	return true;
}

void dump_const(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::Const &data, int width = -1, int offset = 0, bool no_decimal = false, bool escape_comment = false)
{
	bool set_signed = (data.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_SIGNED) != 0;
	if (width < 0)
		width = data.size() - offset;
	if (width == 0) {
		// See IEEE 1364-2005 Clause 5.1.14.
		f << "{0{1'b0}}";
		return;
	}
	if (nostr)
		goto dump_hex;
	if ((data.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_STRING) == 0 || width != (int)data.size()) {
		if (width == 32 && !no_decimal && !nodec) {
			int32_t val = 0;
			for (int i = offset+width-1; i >= offset; i--) {
				log_assert(i < (int)data.size());
				if (data[i] != State::S0 && data[i] != State::S1)
					goto dump_hex;
				if (data[i] == State::S1)
					val |= 1 << (i - offset);
			}
			if (decimal)
				f << stringf("%d", val);
			else if (set_signed && val < 0)
				f << stringf("-32'sd%u", -val);
			else
				f << stringf("32'%sd%u", set_signed ? "s" : "", val);
		} else {
	dump_hex:
			if (nohex)
				goto dump_bin;
			vector<char> bin_digits, hex_digits;
			for (int i = offset; i < offset+width; i++) {
				log_assert(i < (int)data.size());
				switch (data[i]) {
				case State::S0: bin_digits.push_back('0'); break;
				case State::S1: bin_digits.push_back('1'); break;
				case RTLIL::Sx: bin_digits.push_back('x'); break;
				case RTLIL::Sz: bin_digits.push_back('z'); break;
				case RTLIL::Sa: bin_digits.push_back('?'); break;
				case RTLIL::Sm: log_error("Found marker state in final netlist.");
				}
			}
			if (GetSize(bin_digits) == 0)
				goto dump_bin;
			while (GetSize(bin_digits) % 4 != 0)
				if (bin_digits.back() == '1')
					bin_digits.push_back('0');
				else
					bin_digits.push_back(bin_digits.back());
			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(bin_digits); i += 4)
			{
				char bit_3 = bin_digits[i+3];
				char bit_2 = bin_digits[i+2];
				char bit_1 = bin_digits[i+1];
				char bit_0 = bin_digits[i+0];
				if (bit_3 == 'x' || bit_2 == 'x' || bit_1 == 'x' || bit_0 == 'x') {
					if (bit_3 != 'x' || bit_2 != 'x' || bit_1 != 'x' || bit_0 != 'x')
						goto dump_bin;
					hex_digits.push_back('x');
					continue;
				}
				if (bit_3 == 'z' || bit_2 == 'z' || bit_1 == 'z' || bit_0 == 'z') {
					if (bit_3 != 'z' || bit_2 != 'z' || bit_1 != 'z' || bit_0 != 'z')
						goto dump_bin;
					hex_digits.push_back('z');
					continue;
				}
				if (bit_3 == '?' || bit_2 == '?' || bit_1 == '?' || bit_0 == '?') {
					if (bit_3 != '?' || bit_2 != '?' || bit_1 != '?' || bit_0 != '?')
						goto dump_bin;
					hex_digits.push_back('?');
					continue;
				}
				int val = 8*(bit_3 - '0') + 4*(bit_2 - '0') + 2*(bit_1 - '0') + (bit_0 - '0');
				hex_digits.push_back(val < 10 ? '0' + val : 'a' + val - 10);
			}
			f << stringf("%d'%sh", width, set_signed ? "s" : "");
			for (int i = GetSize(hex_digits)-1; i >= 0; i--)
				f << hex_digits[i];
		}
		if (0) {
	dump_bin:
			f << stringf("%d'%sb", width, set_signed ? "s" : "");
			if (width == 0)
				f << stringf("0");
			for (int i = offset+width-1; i >= offset; i--) {
				log_assert(i < (int)data.size());
				switch (data[i]) {
				case State::S0: f << stringf("0"); break;
				case State::S1: f << stringf("1"); break;
				case RTLIL::Sx: f << stringf("x"); break;
				case RTLIL::Sz: f << stringf("z"); break;
				case RTLIL::Sa: f << stringf("?"); break;
				case RTLIL::Sm: log_error("Found marker state in final netlist.");
				}
			}
		}
	} else {
		if ((data.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_REAL) == 0)
			f << stringf("\"");
		std::string str = data.decode_string();
		for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
			if (str[i] == '\n')
				f << stringf("\\n");
			else if (str[i] == '\t')
				f << stringf("\\t");
			else if (str[i] < 32)
				f << stringf("\\%03o", str[i]);
			else if (str[i] == '"')
				f << stringf("\\\"");
			else if (str[i] == '\\')
				f << stringf("\\\\");
			else if (str[i] == '/' && escape_comment && i > 0 && str[i-1] == '*')
				f << stringf("\\/");
			else
				f << str[i];
		}
		if ((data.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_REAL) == 0)
			f << stringf("\"");
	}
}

void dump_reg_init(std::ostream &f, SigSpec sig)
{
	Const initval;
	bool gotinit = false;

	for (auto bit : active_sigmap(sig)) {
		if (active_initdata.count(bit)) {
			initval.bits().push_back(active_initdata.at(bit));
			gotinit = true;
		} else {
			initval.bits().push_back(State::Sx);
		}
	}

	if (gotinit) {
		f << " = ";
		dump_const(f, initval);
	}
}

void dump_sigchunk(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigChunk &chunk, bool no_decimal = false)
{
	if (chunk.wire == NULL) {
		dump_const(f, chunk.data, chunk.width, chunk.offset, no_decimal);
	} else {
		if (chunk.width == chunk.wire->width && chunk.offset == 0) {
			f << stringf("%s", id(chunk.wire->name).c_str());
		} else if (chunk.width == 1) {
			if (chunk.wire->upto)
				f << stringf("%s[%d]", id(chunk.wire->name).c_str(), (chunk.wire->width - chunk.offset - 1) + chunk.wire->start_offset);
			else
				f << stringf("%s[%d]", id(chunk.wire->name).c_str(), chunk.offset + chunk.wire->start_offset);
		} else {
			if (chunk.wire->upto)
				f << stringf("%s[%d:%d]", id(chunk.wire->name).c_str(),
						(chunk.wire->width - (chunk.offset + chunk.width - 1) - 1) + chunk.wire->start_offset,
						(chunk.wire->width - chunk.offset - 1) + chunk.wire->start_offset);
			else
				f << stringf("%s[%d:%d]", id(chunk.wire->name).c_str(),
						(chunk.offset + chunk.width - 1) + chunk.wire->start_offset,
						chunk.offset + chunk.wire->start_offset);
		}
	}
}

void dump_sigspec(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigSpec &sig)
{
	if (GetSize(sig) == 0) {
		// See IEEE 1364-2005 Clause 5.1.14.
		f << "{0{1'b0}}";
		return;
	}
	if (sig.is_chunk()) {
		dump_sigchunk(f, sig.as_chunk());
	} else {
		f << stringf("{ ");
		for (auto it = sig.chunks().rbegin(); it != sig.chunks().rend(); ++it) {
			if (it != sig.chunks().rbegin())
				f << stringf(", ");
			dump_sigchunk(f, *it, true);
		}
		f << stringf(" }");
	}
}

void dump_attributes(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, dict<RTLIL::IdString, RTLIL::Const> &attributes, std::string term = "\n", bool modattr = false, bool regattr = false, bool as_comment = false)
{
	if (noattr)
		return;
	if (attr2comment)
		as_comment = true;
	for (auto it = attributes.begin(); it != attributes.end(); ++it) {
		if (it->first == ID::init && regattr) continue;
		f << stringf("%s" "%s %s", indent.c_str(), as_comment ? "/*" : "(*", id(it->first).c_str());
		f << stringf(" = ");
		if (modattr && (it->second == State::S0 || it->second == Const(0)))
			f << stringf(" 0 ");
		else if (modattr && (it->second == State::S1 || it->second == Const(1)))
			f << stringf(" 1 ");
		else
			dump_const(f, it->second, -1, 0, false, as_comment);
		f << stringf(" %s%s", as_comment ? "*/" : "*)", term.c_str());
	}
}

void dump_wire(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Wire *wire)
{
	dump_attributes(f, indent, wire->attributes, "\n", /*modattr=*/false, /*regattr=*/reg_wires.count(wire->name));
#if 0
	if (wire->port_input && !wire->port_output)
		f << stringf("%s" "input %s", indent.c_str(), reg_wires.count(wire->name) ? "reg " : "");
	else if (!wire->port_input && wire->port_output)
		f << stringf("%s" "output %s", indent.c_str(), reg_wires.count(wire->name) ? "reg " : "");
	else if (wire->port_input && wire->port_output)
		f << stringf("%s" "inout %s", indent.c_str(), reg_wires.count(wire->name) ? "reg " : "");
	else
		f << stringf("%s" "%s ", indent.c_str(), reg_wires.count(wire->name) ? "reg" : "wire");
	if (wire->width != 1)
		f << stringf("[%d:%d] ", wire->width - 1 + wire->start_offset, wire->start_offset);
	f << stringf("%s;\n", id(wire->name).c_str());
#else
	// do not use Verilog-2k "output reg" syntax in Verilog export
	std::string range = "";
	if (wire->width != 1) {
		if (wire->upto)
			range = stringf(" [%d:%d]", wire->start_offset, wire->width - 1 + wire->start_offset);
		else
			range = stringf(" [%d:%d]", wire->width - 1 + wire->start_offset, wire->start_offset);
	}
	if (wire->port_input && !wire->port_output)
		f << stringf("%s" "input%s %s;\n", indent.c_str(), range.c_str(), id(wire->name).c_str());
	if (!wire->port_input && wire->port_output)
		f << stringf("%s" "output%s %s;\n", indent.c_str(), range.c_str(), id(wire->name).c_str());
	if (wire->port_input && wire->port_output)
		f << stringf("%s" "inout%s %s;\n", indent.c_str(), range.c_str(), id(wire->name).c_str());
	if (reg_wires.count(wire->name)) {
		f << stringf("%s" "reg%s %s", indent.c_str(), range.c_str(), id(wire->name).c_str());
		if (wire->attributes.count(ID::init)) {
			f << stringf(" = ");
			dump_const(f, wire->attributes.at(ID::init));
		}
		f << stringf(";\n");
	} else
		f << stringf("%s" "wire%s %s;\n", indent.c_str(), range.c_str(), id(wire->name).c_str());
#endif
}

void dump_memory(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, Mem &mem)
{
	std::string mem_id = id(mem.memid);

	dump_attributes(f, indent, mem.attributes);
	f << stringf("%s" "reg [%d:0] %s [%d:%d];\n", indent.c_str(), mem.width-1, mem_id.c_str(), mem.size+mem.start_offset-1, mem.start_offset);

	// for memory block make something like:
	//  reg [7:0] memid [3:0];
	//  initial begin
	//    memid[0] = ...
	//  end
	if (!mem.inits.empty())
	{
		if (extmem)
		{
			std::string extmem_filename = stringf("%s-%d.mem", extmem_prefix.c_str(), extmem_counter++);

			std::string extmem_filename_esc;
			for (auto c : extmem_filename)
			{
				if (c == '\n')
					extmem_filename_esc += "\\n";
				else if (c == '\t')
					extmem_filename_esc += "\\t";
				else if (c < 32)
					extmem_filename_esc += stringf("\\%03o", c);
				else if (c == '"')
					extmem_filename_esc += "\\\"";
				else if (c == '\\')
					extmem_filename_esc += "\\\\";
				else
					extmem_filename_esc += c;
			}
			f << stringf("%s" "initial $readmemb(\"%s\", %s);\n", indent.c_str(), extmem_filename_esc.c_str(), mem_id.c_str());

			std::ofstream extmem_f(extmem_filename, std::ofstream::trunc);
			if (extmem_f.fail())
				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", extmem_filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
			else
			{
				Const data = mem.get_init_data();
				for (int i=0; i<mem.size; i++)
				{
					RTLIL::Const element = data.extract(i*mem.width, mem.width);
					for (int j=0; j<element.size(); j++)
					{
						switch (element[element.size()-j-1])
						{
							case State::S0: extmem_f << '0'; break;
							case State::S1: extmem_f << '1'; break;
							case State::Sx: extmem_f << 'x'; break;
							case State::Sz: extmem_f << 'z'; break;
							case State::Sa: extmem_f << '_'; break;
							case State::Sm: log_error("Found marker state in final netlist.");
						}
					}
					extmem_f << '\n';
				}
			}
		}
		else
		{
			f << stringf("%s" "initial begin\n", indent.c_str());
			for (auto &init : mem.inits) {
				int words = GetSize(init.data) / mem.width;
				int start = init.addr.as_int();
				for (int i=0; i<words; i++)
				{
					for (int j = 0; j < mem.width; j++)
					{
						if (init.en[j] != State::S1)
							continue;

						int start_j = j, width = 1;

						while (j+1 < mem.width && init.en[j+1] == State::S1)
							j++, width++;

						if (width == mem.width) {
							f << stringf("%s" "  %s[%d] = ", indent.c_str(), mem_id.c_str(), i + start);
						} else {
							f << stringf("%s" "  %s[%d][%d:%d] = ", indent.c_str(), mem_id.c_str(), i + start, j, start_j);
						}
						dump_const(f, init.data.extract(i*mem.width+start_j, width));
						f << stringf(";\n");
					}
				}
			}
			f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
		}
	}

	// create a map : "edge clk" -> expressions within that clock domain
	dict<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> clk_to_lof_body;
	dict<std::string, std::string> clk_to_arst_cond;
	dict<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> clk_to_arst_body;
	clk_to_lof_body[""] = std::vector<std::string>();
	std::string clk_domain_str;
	// create a list of reg declarations
	std::vector<std::string> lof_reg_declarations;

	// read ports
	for (auto &port : mem.rd_ports)
	{
		if (port.clk_enable)
		{
			{
				std::ostringstream os;
				dump_sigspec(os, port.clk);
				clk_domain_str = stringf("%sedge %s", port.clk_polarity ? "pos" : "neg", os.str().c_str());
				if (port.arst != State::S0) {
					std::ostringstream os2;
					dump_sigspec(os2, port.arst);
					clk_domain_str += stringf(", posedge %s", os2.str().c_str());
					clk_to_arst_cond[clk_domain_str] = os2.str();
				}
			}

			// Decide how to represent the transparency; same idea as Mem::extract_rdff.
			bool trans_use_addr = true;
			for (auto bit : port.transparency_mask)
				if (!bit)
					trans_use_addr = false;

			if (GetSize(mem.wr_ports) == 0)
				trans_use_addr = false;

			if (port.en != State::S1 || port.srst != State::S0 || port.arst != State::S0 || !port.init_value.is_fully_undef())
				trans_use_addr = false;

			if (!trans_use_addr)
			{
				// for clocked read ports make something like:
				//   reg [..] temp_id;
				//   always @(posedge clk)
				//      if (rd_en) temp_id <= array_reg[r_addr];
				//   assign r_data = temp_id;
				std::string temp_id = next_auto_id();
				lof_reg_declarations.push_back( stringf("reg [%d:0] %s;\n", port.data.size() - 1, temp_id.c_str()) );

				bool has_indent = false;

				if (port.arst != State::S0) {
					std::ostringstream os;
					os << stringf("%s <= ", temp_id.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(os, port.arst_value);
					os << ";\n";
					clk_to_arst_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os.str());
				}

				if (port.srst != State::S0 && !port.ce_over_srst) {
					std::ostringstream os;
					os << stringf("if (");
					dump_sigspec(os, port.srst);
					os << stringf(")\n");
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os.str());
					std::ostringstream os2;
					os2 << stringf("%s" "%s <= ", indent.c_str(), temp_id.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(os2, port.srst_value);
					os2 << ";\n";
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os2.str());
					std::ostringstream os3;
					if (port.en == State::S1) {
						os3 << "else begin\n";
					} else {
						os3 << "else if (";
						dump_sigspec(os3, port.en);
						os3 << ") begin\n";
					}
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os3.str());
					has_indent = true;
				} else if (port.en != State::S1) {
					std::ostringstream os;
					os << stringf("if (");
					dump_sigspec(os, port.en);
					os << stringf(") begin\n");
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os.str());
					has_indent = true;
				}

				for (int sub = 0; sub < (1 << port.wide_log2); sub++)
				{
					SigSpec addr = port.sub_addr(sub);
					std::ostringstream os;
					if (has_indent)
						os << indent;
					os << temp_id;
					if (port.wide_log2)
						os << stringf("[%d:%d]", (sub + 1) * mem.width - 1, sub * mem.width);
					os << stringf(" <= %s[", mem_id.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(os, addr);
					os << stringf("];\n");
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os.str());
				}

				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(mem.wr_ports); i++) {
					auto &wport = mem.wr_ports[i];
					if (!port.transparency_mask[i] && !port.collision_x_mask[i])
						continue;
					int min_wide_log2 = std::min(port.wide_log2, wport.wide_log2);
					int max_wide_log2 = std::max(port.wide_log2, wport.wide_log2);
					bool wide_write = wport.wide_log2 > port.wide_log2;
					for (int sub = 0; sub < (1 << max_wide_log2); sub += (1 << min_wide_log2)) {
						SigSpec raddr = port.addr;
						SigSpec waddr = wport.addr;
						if (wide_write)
							waddr = wport.sub_addr(sub);
						else
							raddr = port.sub_addr(sub);
						int pos = 0;
						int ewidth = mem.width << min_wide_log2;
						int wsub = wide_write ? sub : 0;
						int rsub = wide_write ? 0 : sub;
						while (pos < ewidth) {
							int epos = pos;
							while (epos < ewidth && wport.en[epos + wsub * mem.width] == wport.en[pos + wsub * mem.width])
								epos++;

							std::ostringstream os;
							if (has_indent)
								os << indent;
							os << "if (";
							dump_sigspec(os, wport.en[pos + wsub * mem.width]);
							if (raddr != waddr) {
								os << " && ";
								dump_sigspec(os, raddr);
								os << " == ";
								dump_sigspec(os, waddr);
							}
							os << ")\n";
							clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os.str());

							std::ostringstream os2;
							if (has_indent)
								os2 << indent;
							os2 << indent;
							os2 << temp_id;
							if (epos-pos != GetSize(port.data))
								os2 << stringf("[%d:%d]", rsub * mem.width + epos-1, rsub * mem.width + pos);
							os2 << " <= ";
							if (port.transparency_mask[i])
								dump_sigspec(os2, wport.data.extract(wsub * mem.width + pos, epos-pos));
							else
								dump_sigspec(os2, Const(State::Sx, epos - pos));
							os2 << ";\n";
							clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os2.str());

							pos = epos;
						}
					}
				}

				if (port.srst != State::S0 && port.ce_over_srst)
				{
					std::ostringstream os;
					if (has_indent)
						os << indent;
					os << stringf("if (");
					dump_sigspec(os, port.srst);
					os << stringf(")\n");
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os.str());
					std::ostringstream os2;
					if (has_indent)
						os2 << indent;
					os2 << stringf("%s" "%s <= ", indent.c_str(), temp_id.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(os2, port.srst_value);
					os2 << ";\n";
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(os2.str());
				}

				if (has_indent)
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back("end\n");

				if (!port.init_value.is_fully_undef())
				{
					std::ostringstream os;
					dump_sigspec(os, port.init_value);
					std::string line = stringf("initial %s = %s;\n", temp_id.c_str(), os.str().c_str());
					clk_to_lof_body[""].push_back(line);
				}

				{
					std::ostringstream os;
					dump_sigspec(os, port.data);
					std::string line = stringf("assign %s = %s;\n", os.str().c_str(), temp_id.c_str());
					clk_to_lof_body[""].push_back(line);
				}
			}
			else
			{
				// for rd-transparent read-ports make something like:
				//   reg [..] temp_id;
				//   always @(posedge clk)
				//     temp_id <= r_addr;
				//   assign r_data = array_reg[temp_id];
				std::string temp_id = next_auto_id();
				lof_reg_declarations.push_back( stringf("reg [%d:0] %s;\n", port.addr.size() - 1 - port.wide_log2, temp_id.c_str()) );
				{
					std::ostringstream os;
					dump_sigspec(os, port.addr.extract_end(port.wide_log2));
					std::string line = stringf("%s <= %s;\n", temp_id.c_str(), os.str().c_str());
					clk_to_lof_body[clk_domain_str].push_back(line);
				}
				for (int sub = 0; sub < (1 << port.wide_log2); sub++)
				{
					std::ostringstream os;
					os << "assign ";
					dump_sigspec(os, port.data.extract(sub * mem.width, mem.width));
					os << stringf(" = %s[", mem_id.c_str());;
					if (port.wide_log2) {
						Const addr_lo;
						for (int i = 0; i < port.wide_log2; i++)
							addr_lo.bits().push_back(State(sub >> i & 1));
						os << "{";
						os << temp_id;
						os << ", ";
						dump_const(os, addr_lo);
						os << "}";
					} else {
						os << temp_id;
					}
					os << "];\n";
					clk_to_lof_body[""].push_back(os.str());
				}
			}
		} else {
			// for non-clocked read-ports make something like:
			//   assign r_data = array_reg[r_addr];
			for (int sub = 0; sub < (1 << port.wide_log2); sub++)
			{
				SigSpec addr = port.sub_addr(sub);

				std::ostringstream os, os2;
				dump_sigspec(os, port.data.extract(sub * mem.width, mem.width));
				dump_sigspec(os2, addr);
				std::string line = stringf("assign %s = %s[%s];\n", os.str().c_str(), mem_id.c_str(), os2.str().c_str());
				clk_to_lof_body[""].push_back(line);
			}
		}
	}

	// Write ports.  Those are messy because we try to preserve priority, as much as we can:
	//
	// 1. We split all ports into several disjoint processes.
	// 2. If a port has priority over another port, the two ports need to share
	//    a process, so that priority can be reconstructed on the other end.
	// 3. We want each process to be as small as possible, to avoid extra
	//    priorities inferred on the other end.
	pool<int> wr_ports_done;
	for (int ridx = 0; ridx < GetSize(mem.wr_ports); ridx++)
	{
		if (wr_ports_done.count(ridx))
			continue;

		auto &root = mem.wr_ports[ridx];

		// Start from a root.
		pool<int> wr_ports_now;
		wr_ports_now.insert(ridx);

		// Transitively fill list of ports in this process by following priority edges.
		while (true)
		{
			bool changed = false;

			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(mem.wr_ports); i++)
			for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
			if (mem.wr_ports[i].priority_mask[j])
			{
				if (wr_ports_now.count(i) && !wr_ports_now.count(j)) {
					wr_ports_now.insert(j);
					changed = true;
				}
				if (!wr_ports_now.count(i) && wr_ports_now.count(j)) {
					wr_ports_now.insert(i);
					changed = true;
				}
			}

			if (!changed)
				break;
		}

		if (root.clk_enable) {
			f << stringf("%s" "always%s @(%sedge ", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_ff" : "", root.clk_polarity ? "pos" : "neg");
			dump_sigspec(f, root.clk);
			f << ") begin\n";
		} else {
			f << stringf("%s" "always%s begin\n", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_latch" : " @*");
		}

		for (int pidx = 0; pidx < GetSize(mem.wr_ports); pidx++)
		{
			if (!wr_ports_now.count(pidx))
				continue;
			wr_ports_done.insert(pidx);

			auto &port = mem.wr_ports[pidx];
			log_assert(port.clk_enable == root.clk_enable);
			if (port.clk_enable) {
				log_assert(port.clk == root.clk);
				log_assert(port.clk_polarity == root.clk_polarity);
			}

			//   make something like:
			//   always @(posedge clk)
			//      if (wr_en_bit) memid[w_addr][??] <= w_data[??];
			//   ...
			for (int sub = 0; sub < (1 << port.wide_log2); sub++)
			{
				SigSpec addr = port.sub_addr(sub);
				for (int i = 0; i < mem.width; i++)
				{
					int start_i = i, width = 1;
					SigBit wen_bit = port.en[sub * mem.width + i];

					while (i+1 < mem.width && active_sigmap(port.en[sub * mem.width + i+1]) == active_sigmap(wen_bit))
						i++, width++;

					if (wen_bit == State::S0)
						continue;

					f << stringf("%s%s", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str());
					if (wen_bit != State::S1)
					{
						f << stringf("if (");
						dump_sigspec(f, wen_bit);
						f << stringf(")\n");
						f << stringf("%s%s%s", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), indent.c_str());
					}
					f << stringf("%s[", mem_id.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, addr);
					if (width == GetSize(port.en))
						f << stringf("] <= ");
					else
						f << stringf("][%d:%d] <= ", i, start_i);
					dump_sigspec(f, port.data.extract(sub * mem.width + start_i, width));
					f << stringf(";\n");
				}
			}
		}

		f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
	}
	// Output Verilog that looks something like this:
	// reg [..] _3_;
	// always @(posedge CLK2) begin
	//   _3_ <= memory[D1ADDR];
	//   if (A1EN)
	//     memory[A1ADDR] <= A1DATA;
	//   if (A2EN)
	//     memory[A2ADDR] <= A2DATA;
	//   ...
	// end
	// always @(negedge CLK1) begin
	//   if (C1EN)
	//     memory[C1ADDR] <= C1DATA;
	// end
	// ...
	// assign D1DATA = _3_;
	// assign D2DATA <= memory[D2ADDR];

	// the reg ... definitions
	for(auto &reg : lof_reg_declarations)
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "%s", indent.c_str(), reg.c_str());
	}
	// the block of expressions by clock domain
	for(auto &pair : clk_to_lof_body)
	{
		std::string clk_domain = pair.first;
		std::vector<std::string> lof_lines = pair.second;
		if( clk_domain != "")
		{
			f << stringf("%s" "always%s @(%s) begin\n", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_ff" : "", clk_domain.c_str());
			bool has_arst = clk_to_arst_cond.count(clk_domain) != 0;
			if (has_arst) {
				f << stringf("%s%s" "if (%s) begin\n", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), clk_to_arst_cond[clk_domain].c_str());
				for(auto &line : clk_to_arst_body[clk_domain])
					f << stringf("%s%s%s" "%s", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), line.c_str());
				f << stringf("%s%s" "end else begin\n", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str());
				for(auto &line : lof_lines)
					f << stringf("%s%s%s" "%s", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), line.c_str());
				f << stringf("%s%s" "end\n", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str());
			} else {
				for(auto &line : lof_lines)
					f << stringf("%s%s" "%s", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str(), line.c_str());
			}
			f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
		}
		else
		{
			// the non-clocked assignments
			for(auto &line : lof_lines)
				f << stringf("%s" "%s", indent.c_str(), line.c_str());
		}
	}
}

void dump_cell_expr_port(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::Cell *cell, std::string port, bool gen_signed = true)
{
	if (gen_signed && cell->parameters.count("\\" + port + "_SIGNED") > 0 && cell->parameters["\\" + port + "_SIGNED"].as_bool()) {
		f << stringf("$signed(");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort("\\" + port));
		f << stringf(")");
	} else
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort("\\" + port));
}

std::string cellname(RTLIL::Cell *cell)
{
	if (!norename && cell->name[0] == '$' && RTLIL::builtin_ff_cell_types().count(cell->type) && cell->hasPort(ID::Q) && !cell->type.in(ID($ff), ID($_FF_)))
	{
		RTLIL::SigSpec sig = cell->getPort(ID::Q);
		if (GetSize(sig) != 1 || sig.is_fully_const())
			goto no_special_reg_name;

		RTLIL::Wire *wire = sig[0].wire;

		if (wire->name[0] != '\\')
			goto no_special_reg_name;

		std::string cell_name = wire->name.str();

		size_t pos = cell_name.find('[');
		if (pos != std::string::npos)
			cell_name = cell_name.substr(0, pos) + "_reg" + cell_name.substr(pos);
		else
			cell_name = cell_name + "_reg";

		if (wire->width != 1)
			cell_name += stringf("[%d]", wire->start_offset + sig[0].offset);

		if (active_module && active_module->count_id(cell_name) > 0)
				goto no_special_reg_name;

		return id(cell_name);
	}
	else
	{
no_special_reg_name:
		return id(cell->name).c_str();
	}
}

void dump_cell_expr_uniop(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Cell *cell, std::string op)
{
	f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
	dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
	f << stringf(" = %s ", op.c_str());
	dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
	dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
	f << stringf(";\n");
}

void dump_cell_expr_binop(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Cell *cell, std::string op)
{
	f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
	dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
	f << stringf(" = ");
	dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
	f << stringf(" %s ", op.c_str());
	dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
	dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", true);
	f << stringf(";\n");
}

void dump_cell_expr_print(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::Cell *cell)
{
	Fmt fmt;
	fmt.parse_rtlil(cell);
	std::vector<VerilogFmtArg> args = fmt.emit_verilog();

	f << stringf("%s" "$write(", indent.c_str());
	bool first = true;
	for (auto &arg : args) {
		if (first) {
			first = false;
		} else {
			f << ", ";
		}
		switch (arg.type) {
			case VerilogFmtArg::STRING:
				dump_const(f, RTLIL::Const(arg.str));
				break;
			case VerilogFmtArg::INTEGER:
				f << (arg.signed_ ? "$signed(" : "$unsigned(");
				dump_sigspec(f, arg.sig);
				f << ")";
				break;
			case VerilogFmtArg::TIME:
				if (arg.realtime)
					f << "$realtime";
				else
					f << "$time";
				break;
			default: log_abort();
		}
	}
	f << stringf(");\n");
}

void dump_cell_expr_check(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::Cell *cell)
{
	std::string flavor = cell->getParam(ID(FLAVOR)).decode_string();
	if (flavor == "assert")
		f << stringf("%s" "assert (", indent.c_str());
	else if (flavor == "assume")
		f << stringf("%s" "assume (", indent.c_str());
	else if (flavor == "live")
		f << stringf("%s" "assert (eventually ", indent.c_str());
	else if (flavor == "fair")
		f << stringf("%s" "assume (eventually ", indent.c_str());
	else if (flavor == "cover")
		f << stringf("%s" "cover (", indent.c_str());
	dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
	f << stringf(");\n");
}

bool dump_cell_expr(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
{
	if (cell->type == ID($_NOT_)) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		f << stringf("~");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($_BUF_)) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type.in(ID($_AND_), ID($_NAND_), ID($_OR_), ID($_NOR_), ID($_XOR_), ID($_XNOR_), ID($_ANDNOT_), ID($_ORNOT_))) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		if (cell->type.in(ID($_NAND_), ID($_NOR_), ID($_XNOR_)))
			f << stringf("~(");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(" ");
		if (cell->type.in(ID($_AND_), ID($_NAND_), ID($_ANDNOT_)))
			f << stringf("&");
		if (cell->type.in(ID($_OR_), ID($_NOR_), ID($_ORNOT_)))
			f << stringf("|");
		if (cell->type.in(ID($_XOR_), ID($_XNOR_)))
			f << stringf("^");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		f << stringf(" ");
		if (cell->type.in(ID($_ANDNOT_), ID($_ORNOT_)))
			f << stringf("~(");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", false);
		if (cell->type.in(ID($_NAND_), ID($_NOR_), ID($_XNOR_), ID($_ANDNOT_), ID($_ORNOT_)))
			f << stringf(")");
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($_MUX_)) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "S", false);
		f << stringf(" ? ");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", false);
		f << stringf(" : ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($_NMUX_)) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = !(");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "S", false);
		f << stringf(" ? ");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", false);
		f << stringf(" : ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(");\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type.in(ID($_AOI3_), ID($_OAI3_))) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ~((");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(cell->type == ID($_AOI3_) ? " & " : " | ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", false);
		f << stringf(cell->type == ID($_AOI3_) ? ") |" : ") &");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		f << stringf(" ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "C", false);
		f << stringf(");\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type.in(ID($_AOI4_), ID($_OAI4_))) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ~((");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", false);
		f << stringf(cell->type == ID($_AOI4_) ? " & " : " | ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", false);
		f << stringf(cell->type == ID($_AOI4_) ? ") |" : ") &");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		f << stringf(" (");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "C", false);
		f << stringf(cell->type == ID($_AOI4_) ? " & " : " | ");
		dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "D", false);
		f << stringf("));\n");
		return true;
	}

#define HANDLE_UNIOP(_type, _operator) \
	if (cell->type ==_type) { dump_cell_expr_uniop(f, indent, cell, _operator); return true; }
#define HANDLE_BINOP(_type, _operator) \
	if (cell->type ==_type) { dump_cell_expr_binop(f, indent, cell, _operator); return true; }

	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($not), "~")
	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($pos), "+")
	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($neg), "-")

	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($and),  "&")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($or),   "|")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($xor),  "^")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($xnor), "~^")

	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($reduce_and),  "&")
	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($reduce_or),   "|")
	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($reduce_xor),  "^")
	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($reduce_xnor), "~^")
	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($reduce_bool), "|")

	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($shl),  "<<")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($shr),  ">>")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($sshl), "<<<")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($sshr), ">>>")

	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($lt),  "<")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($le),  "<=")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($eq),  "==")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($ne),  "!=")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($eqx), "===")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($nex), "!==")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($ge),  ">=")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($gt),  ">")

	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($add), "+")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($sub), "-")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($mul), "*")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($div), "/")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($mod), "%")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($pow), "**")

	HANDLE_UNIOP(ID($logic_not), "!")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($logic_and), "&&")
	HANDLE_BINOP(ID($logic_or),  "||")

#undef HANDLE_UNIOP
#undef HANDLE_BINOP

	if (cell->type == ID($divfloor))
	{
		// wire [MAXLEN+1:0] _0_, _1_, _2_;
		// assign _0_ = $signed(A);
		// assign _1_ = $signed(B);
		// assign _2_ = (A[-1] == B[-1]) || A == 0 ? _0_ : $signed(_0_ - (B[-1] ? _1_ + 1 : _1_ - 1));
		// assign Y = $signed(_2_) / $signed(_1_);

		if (cell->getParam(ID::A_SIGNED).as_bool() && cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool()) {
			SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
			SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);

			std::string buf_a = next_auto_id();
			std::string buf_b = next_auto_id();
			std::string buf_num = next_auto_id();
			int size_a = GetSize(sig_a);
			int size_b = GetSize(sig_b);
			int size_y = GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
			int size_max = std::max(size_a, std::max(size_b, size_y));

			// intentionally one wider than maximum width
			f << stringf("%s" "wire [%d:0] %s, %s, %s;\n", indent.c_str(), size_max, buf_a.c_str(), buf_b.c_str(), buf_num.c_str());
			f << stringf("%s" "assign %s = ", indent.c_str(), buf_a.c_str());
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
			f << stringf(";\n");
			f << stringf("%s" "assign %s = ", indent.c_str(), buf_b.c_str());
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", true);
			f << stringf(";\n");

			f << stringf("%s" "assign %s = ", indent.c_str(), buf_num.c_str());
			f << stringf("(");
			dump_sigspec(f, sig_a.extract(sig_a.size()-1));
			f << stringf(" == ");
			dump_sigspec(f, sig_b.extract(sig_b.size()-1));
			f << stringf(") || ");
			dump_sigspec(f, sig_a);
			f << stringf(" == 0 ? %s : ", buf_a.c_str());
			f << stringf("$signed(%s - (", buf_a.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, sig_b.extract(sig_b.size()-1));
			f << stringf(" ? %s + 1 : %s - 1));\n", buf_b.c_str(), buf_b.c_str());


			f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
			f << stringf(" = $signed(%s) / ", buf_num.c_str());
			dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
			f << stringf("$signed(%s);\n", buf_b.c_str());
			return true;
		} else {
			// same as truncating division
			dump_cell_expr_binop(f, indent, cell, "/");
			return true;
		}
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($modfloor))
	{
		// wire truncated = $signed(A) % $signed(B);
		// assign Y = (A[-1] == B[-1]) || truncated == 0 ? $signed(truncated) : $signed(B) + $signed(truncated);

		if (cell->getParam(ID::A_SIGNED).as_bool() && cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool()) {
			SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
			SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);

			std::string temp_id = next_auto_id();
			f << stringf("%s" "wire [%d:0] %s = ", indent.c_str(), GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A))-1, temp_id.c_str());
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
			f << stringf(" %% ");
			dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", true);
			f << stringf(";\n");

			f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
			f << stringf(" = (");
			dump_sigspec(f, sig_a.extract(sig_a.size()-1));
			f << stringf(" == ");
			dump_sigspec(f, sig_b.extract(sig_b.size()-1));
			f << stringf(") || %s == 0 ? $signed(%s) : ", temp_id.c_str(), temp_id.c_str());
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", true);
			f << stringf(" + $signed(%s);\n", temp_id.c_str());
			return true;
		} else {
			// same as truncating modulo
			dump_cell_expr_binop(f, indent, cell, "%");
			return true;
		}
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($shift))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		if (cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool())
		{
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "B", true);
			f << stringf(" < 0 ? ");
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
			f << stringf(" << - ");
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
			f << stringf(" : ");
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
			f << stringf(" >> ");
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
		}
		else
		{
			dump_cell_expr_port(f, cell, "A", true);
			f << stringf(" >> ");
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
		}
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($shiftx))
	{
		std::string temp_id = next_auto_id();
		f << stringf("%s" "wire [%d:0] %s = ", indent.c_str(), GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A))-1, temp_id.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(";\n");

		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = %s[", temp_id.c_str());
		if (cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool())
			f << stringf("$signed(");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
		if (cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool())
			f << stringf(")");
		f << stringf(" +: %d", cell->getParam(ID::Y_WIDTH).as_int());
		f << stringf("];\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($mux))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::S));
		f << stringf(" ? ");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
		f << stringf(" : ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($pmux))
	{
		int width = cell->parameters[ID::WIDTH].as_int();
		int s_width = cell->getPort(ID::S).size();
		std::string func_name = cellname(cell);

		f << stringf("%s" "function [%d:0] %s;\n", indent.c_str(), width-1, func_name.c_str());
		f << stringf("%s" "  input [%d:0] a;\n", indent.c_str(), width-1);
		f << stringf("%s" "  input [%d:0] b;\n", indent.c_str(), s_width*width-1);
		f << stringf("%s" "  input [%d:0] s;\n", indent.c_str(), s_width-1);

		dump_attributes(f, indent + "  ", cell->attributes);
		if (noparallelcase)
			f << stringf("%s" "  case (s)\n", indent.c_str());
		else {
			if (!noattr)
				f << stringf("%s" "  (* parallel_case *)\n", indent.c_str());
			f << stringf("%s" "  casez (s)", indent.c_str());
			f << stringf(noattr ? " // synopsys parallel_case\n" : "\n");
		}

		for (int i = 0; i < s_width; i++)
		{
			f << stringf("%s" "    %d'b", indent.c_str(), s_width);

			for (int j = s_width-1; j >= 0; j--)
				f << stringf("%c", j == i ? '1' : noparallelcase ? '0' : '?');

			f << stringf(":\n");
			f << stringf("%s" "      %s = b[%d:%d];\n", indent.c_str(), func_name.c_str(), (i+1)*width-1, i*width);
		}

		if (noparallelcase) {
			f << stringf("%s" "    %d'b", indent.c_str(), s_width);
			for (int j = s_width-1; j >= 0; j--)
				f << '0';
			f << stringf(":\n");
		} else
			f << stringf("%s" "    default:\n", indent.c_str());
		f << stringf("%s" "      %s = a;\n", indent.c_str(), func_name.c_str());
		if (noparallelcase) {
			f << stringf("%s" "    default:\n", indent.c_str());
			f << stringf("%s" "      %s = %d'bx;\n", indent.c_str(), func_name.c_str(), width);
		}

		f << stringf("%s" "  endcase\n", indent.c_str());
		f << stringf("%s" "endfunction\n", indent.c_str());

		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = %s(", func_name.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(", ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
		f << stringf(", ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::S));
		f << stringf(");\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($tribuf))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::EN));
		f << stringf(" ? ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(" : %d'bz;\n", cell->parameters.at(ID::WIDTH).as_int());
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($slice))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(" >> %d;\n", cell->parameters.at(ID::OFFSET).as_int());
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($concat))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = { ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::B));
		f << stringf(" , ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(" };\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($lut))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_const(f, cell->parameters.at(ID::LUT));
		f << stringf(" >> ");
		dump_attributes(f, "", cell->attributes, " ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(";\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (RTLIL::builtin_ff_cell_types().count(cell->type))
	{
		FfData ff(nullptr, cell);

		// $ff / $_FF_ cell: not supported.
		if (ff.has_gclk)
			return false;

		std::string reg_name = cellname(cell);
		bool out_is_reg_wire = is_reg_wire(ff.sig_q, reg_name);

		if (!out_is_reg_wire) {
			if (ff.width == 1)
				f << stringf("%s" "reg %s", indent.c_str(), reg_name.c_str());
			else
				f << stringf("%s" "reg [%d:0] %s", indent.c_str(), ff.width-1, reg_name.c_str());
			dump_reg_init(f, ff.sig_q);
			f << ";\n";
		}

		// If the FF has CLR/SET inputs, emit every bit slice separately.
		int chunks = ff.has_sr ? ff.width : 1;
		bool chunky = ff.has_sr && ff.width != 1;

		for (int i = 0; i < chunks; i++)
		{
			SigSpec sig_d, sig_ad;
			Const val_arst, val_srst;
			std::string reg_bit_name, sig_set_name, sig_clr_name, sig_arst_name, sig_aload_name;
			if (chunky) {
				reg_bit_name = stringf("%s[%d]", reg_name.c_str(), i);
				if (ff.has_gclk || ff.has_clk)
					sig_d = ff.sig_d[i];
				if (ff.has_aload)
					sig_ad = ff.sig_ad[i];
			} else {
				reg_bit_name = reg_name;
				sig_d = ff.sig_d;
				sig_ad = ff.sig_ad;
			}
			if (ff.has_arst)
				val_arst = chunky ? ff.val_arst[i] : ff.val_arst;
			if (ff.has_srst)
				val_srst = chunky ? ff.val_srst[i] : ff.val_srst;

			// If there are constants in the sensitivity list, replace them with an intermediate wire
			if (ff.has_clk) {
				if (ff.has_sr) {
					if (ff.sig_set[i].wire == NULL)
					{
						sig_set_name = next_auto_id();
						f << stringf("%s" "wire %s = ", indent.c_str(), sig_set_name.c_str());
						dump_const(f, ff.sig_set[i].data);
						f << stringf(";\n");
					}
					if (ff.sig_clr[i].wire == NULL)
					{
						sig_clr_name = next_auto_id();
						f << stringf("%s" "wire %s = ", indent.c_str(), sig_clr_name.c_str());
						dump_const(f, ff.sig_clr[i].data);
						f << stringf(";\n");
					}
				} else if (ff.has_arst) {
					if (ff.sig_arst[0].wire == NULL)
					{
						sig_arst_name = next_auto_id();
						f << stringf("%s" "wire %s = ", indent.c_str(), sig_arst_name.c_str());
						dump_const(f, ff.sig_arst[0].data);
						f << stringf(";\n");
					}
				} else if (ff.has_aload) {
					if (ff.sig_aload[0].wire == NULL)
					{
						sig_aload_name = next_auto_id();
						f << stringf("%s" "wire %s = ", indent.c_str(), sig_aload_name.c_str());
						dump_const(f, ff.sig_aload[0].data);
						f << stringf(";\n");
					}
				}
			}

			dump_attributes(f, indent, cell->attributes);
			if (ff.has_clk)
			{
				// FFs.
				f << stringf("%s" "always%s @(%sedge ", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_ff" : "", ff.pol_clk ? "pos" : "neg");
				dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_clk);
				if (ff.has_sr) {
					f << stringf(", %sedge ", ff.pol_set ? "pos" : "neg");
					if (ff.sig_set[i].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_set_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_set[i]);

					f << stringf(", %sedge ", ff.pol_clr ? "pos" : "neg");
					if (ff.sig_clr[i].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_clr_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_clr[i]);
				} else if (ff.has_arst) {
					f << stringf(", %sedge ", ff.pol_arst ? "pos" : "neg");
					if (ff.sig_arst[0].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_arst_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_arst);
				} else if (ff.has_aload) {
					f << stringf(", %sedge ", ff.pol_aload ? "pos" : "neg");
					if (ff.sig_aload[0].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_aload_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_aload);
				}
				f << stringf(")\n");

				f << stringf("%s" "  ", indent.c_str());
				if (ff.has_sr) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_clr ? "" : "!");
					if (ff.sig_clr[i].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_clr_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_clr[i]);
					f << stringf(") %s <= 1'b0;\n", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					f << stringf("%s" "  else if (%s", indent.c_str(), ff.pol_set ? "" : "!");
					if (ff.sig_set[i].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_set_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_set[i]);
					f << stringf(") %s <= 1'b1;\n", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					f << stringf("%s" "  else ", indent.c_str());
				} else if (ff.has_arst) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_arst ? "" : "!");
					if (ff.sig_arst[0].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_arst_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_arst);
					f << stringf(") %s <= ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, val_arst);
					f << stringf(";\n");
					f << stringf("%s" "  else ", indent.c_str());
				} else if (ff.has_aload) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_aload ? "" : "!");
					if (ff.sig_aload[0].wire == NULL)
						f << stringf("%s", sig_aload_name.c_str());
					else
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_aload);
					f << stringf(") %s <= ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, sig_ad);
					f << stringf(";\n");
					f << stringf("%s" "  else ", indent.c_str());
				}

				if (ff.has_srst && ff.has_ce && ff.ce_over_srst) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_ce ? "" : "!");
					dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_ce);
					f << stringf(")\n");
					f << stringf("%s" "    if (%s", indent.c_str(), ff.pol_srst ? "" : "!");
					dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_srst);
					f << stringf(") %s <= ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, val_srst);
					f << stringf(";\n");
					f << stringf("%s" "    else ", indent.c_str());
				} else {
					if (ff.has_srst) {
						f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_srst ? "" : "!");
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_srst);
						f << stringf(") %s <= ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
						dump_sigspec(f, val_srst);
						f << stringf(";\n");
						f << stringf("%s" "  else ", indent.c_str());
					}
					if (ff.has_ce) {
						f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_ce ? "" : "!");
						dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_ce);
						f << stringf(") ");
					}
				}

				f << stringf("%s <= ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
				dump_sigspec(f, sig_d);
				f << stringf(";\n");
			}
			else
			{
				// Latches.
				f << stringf("%s" "always%s\n", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_latch" : " @*");

				f << stringf("%s" "  ", indent.c_str());
				if (ff.has_sr) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_clr ? "" : "!");
					dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_clr[i]);
					f << stringf(") %s = 1'b0;\n", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					f << stringf("%s" "  else if (%s", indent.c_str(), ff.pol_set ? "" : "!");
					dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_set[i]);
					f << stringf(") %s = 1'b1;\n", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					if (ff.has_aload)
						f << stringf("%s" "  else ", indent.c_str());
				} else if (ff.has_arst) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_arst ? "" : "!");
					dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_arst);
					f << stringf(") %s = ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, val_arst);
					f << stringf(";\n");
					if (ff.has_aload)
						f << stringf("%s" "  else ", indent.c_str());
				}
				if (ff.has_aload) {
					f << stringf("if (%s", ff.pol_aload ? "" : "!");
					dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_aload);
					f << stringf(") %s = ", reg_bit_name.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, sig_ad);
					f << stringf(";\n");
				}
			}
		}

		if (!out_is_reg_wire) {
			f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, ff.sig_q);
			f << stringf(" = %s;\n", reg_name.c_str());
		}

		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type.in(ID($assert), ID($assume), ID($cover)))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "always%s if (", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_comb" : " @*");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::EN));
		f << stringf(") %s(", cell->type.c_str()+1);
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
		f << stringf(");\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type.in(ID($specify2), ID($specify3)))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "specify\n%s  ", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str());

		SigSpec en = cell->getPort(ID::EN);
		if (en != State::S1) {
			f << stringf("if (");
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::EN));
			f << stringf(") ");
		}

		f << "(";
		if (cell->type == ID($specify3) && cell->getParam(ID::EDGE_EN).as_bool())
			f << (cell->getParam(ID::EDGE_POL).as_bool() ? "posedge ": "negedge ");

		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::SRC));

		f << " ";
		if (cell->getParam(ID::SRC_DST_PEN).as_bool())
			f << (cell->getParam(ID::SRC_DST_POL).as_bool() ? "+": "-");
		f << (cell->getParam(ID::FULL).as_bool() ? "*> ": "=> ");

		if (cell->type == ID($specify3)) {
			f << "(";
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::DST));
			f << " ";
			if (cell->getParam(ID::DAT_DST_PEN).as_bool())
				f << (cell->getParam(ID::DAT_DST_POL).as_bool() ? "+": "-");
			f << ": ";
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::DAT));
			f << ")";
		} else {
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::DST));
		}

		bool bak_decimal = decimal;
		decimal = 1;

		f << ") = (";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_RISE_MIN));
		f << ":";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_RISE_TYP));
		f << ":";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_RISE_MAX));
		f << ", ";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_FALL_MIN));
		f << ":";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_FALL_TYP));
		f << ":";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_FALL_MAX));
		f << ");\n";

		decimal = bak_decimal;

		f << stringf("%s" "endspecify\n", indent.c_str());
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($specrule))
	{
		f << stringf("%s" "specify\n%s  ", indent.c_str(), indent.c_str());

		IdString spec_type = cell->getParam(ID::TYPE).decode_string();
		f << stringf("%s(", spec_type.c_str());

		if (cell->getParam(ID::SRC_PEN).as_bool())
			f << (cell->getParam(ID::SRC_POL).as_bool() ? "posedge ": "negedge ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::SRC));

		if (cell->getPort(ID::SRC_EN) != State::S1) {
			f << " &&& ";
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::SRC_EN));
		}

		f << ", ";
		if (cell->getParam(ID::DST_PEN).as_bool())
			f << (cell->getParam(ID::DST_POL).as_bool() ? "posedge ": "negedge ");
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::DST));

		if (cell->getPort(ID::DST_EN) != State::S1) {
			f << " &&& ";
			dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::DST_EN));
		}

		bool bak_decimal = decimal;
		decimal = 1;

		f << ", ";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_LIMIT_MIN));
		f << ": ";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_LIMIT_TYP));
		f << ": ";
		dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_LIMIT_MAX));

		if (spec_type.in(ID($setuphold), ID($recrem), ID($fullskew))) {
			f << ", ";
			dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_LIMIT2_MIN));
			f << ": ";
			dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_LIMIT2_TYP));
			f << ": ";
			dump_const(f, cell->getParam(ID::T_LIMIT2_MAX));
		}

		f << ");\n";
		decimal = bak_decimal;

		f << stringf("%s" "endspecify\n", indent.c_str());
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($print))
	{
		// Sync $print cells are accumulated and handled in dump_module.
		if (cell->getParam(ID::TRG_ENABLE).as_bool())
			return true;

		f << stringf("%s" "always @*\n", indent.c_str());

		f << stringf("%s" "  if (", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::EN));
		f << stringf(")\n");

		dump_cell_expr_print(f, indent + "    ", cell);
		return true;
	}

	if (cell->type == ID($check))
	{
		// Sync $check cells are accumulated and handled in dump_module.
		if (cell->getParam(ID::TRG_ENABLE).as_bool())
			return true;

		f << stringf("%s" "always @*\n", indent.c_str());

		f << stringf("%s" "  if (", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::EN));
		f << stringf(") begin\n");

		std::string flavor = cell->getParam(ID::FLAVOR).decode_string();
		if (flavor == "assert" || flavor == "assume") {
			Fmt fmt;
			fmt.parse_rtlil(cell);
			if (!fmt.parts.empty()) {
				f << stringf("%s" "    if (!", indent.c_str());
				dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
				f << stringf(")\n");
				dump_cell_expr_print(f, indent + "      ", cell);
			}
		} else {
			f << stringf("%s" "  /* message omitted */\n", indent.c_str());
		}

		dump_cell_expr_check(f, indent + "    ", cell);

		f << stringf("%s" "  end\n", indent.c_str());

		return true;
	}

	// FIXME: $fsm

	return false;
}

void dump_cell(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
{
	// To keep the output compatible with other tools we ignore $scopeinfo
	// cells that exist only to hold metadata. If in the future that metadata
	// should be exposed as part of the write_verilog output it should be
	// opt-in and/or represented as something else than a $scopeinfo cell.
	if (cell->type == ID($scopeinfo))
		return;

	// Handled by dump_memory
	if (cell->is_mem_cell())
		return;

	if (cell->type[0] == '$' && !noexpr) {
		if (dump_cell_expr(f, indent, cell))
			return;
	}

	dump_attributes(f, indent, cell->attributes);
	f << stringf("%s" "%s", indent.c_str(), id(cell->type, false).c_str());

	if (!defparam && cell->parameters.size() > 0) {
		f << stringf(" #(");
		for (auto it = cell->parameters.begin(); it != cell->parameters.end(); ++it) {
			if (it != cell->parameters.begin())
				f << stringf(",");
			f << stringf("\n%s  .%s(", indent.c_str(), id(it->first).c_str());
			if (it->second.size() > 0)
				dump_const(f, it->second);
			f << stringf(")");
		}
		f << stringf("\n%s" ")", indent.c_str());
	}

	std::string cell_name = cellname(cell);
	if (cell_name != id(cell->name))
		f << stringf(" %s /* %s */ (", cell_name.c_str(), id(cell->name).c_str());
	else
		f << stringf(" %s (", cell_name.c_str());

	bool first_arg = true;
	std::set<RTLIL::IdString> numbered_ports;
	for (int i = 1; true; i++) {
		char str[16];
		snprintf(str, 16, "$%d", i);
		for (auto it = cell->connections().begin(); it != cell->connections().end(); ++it) {
			if (it->first != str)
				continue;
			if (!first_arg)
				f << stringf(",");
			first_arg = false;
			f << stringf("\n%s  ", indent.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, it->second);
			numbered_ports.insert(it->first);
			goto found_numbered_port;
		}
		break;
	found_numbered_port:;
	}
	for (auto it = cell->connections().begin(); it != cell->connections().end(); ++it) {
		if (numbered_ports.count(it->first))
			continue;
		if (!first_arg)
			f << stringf(",");
		first_arg = false;
		f << stringf("\n%s  .%s(", indent.c_str(), id(it->first).c_str());
		if (it->second.size() > 0)
			dump_sigspec(f, it->second);
		f << stringf(")");
	}
	f << stringf("\n%s" ");\n", indent.c_str());

	if (defparam && cell->parameters.size() > 0) {
		for (auto it = cell->parameters.begin(); it != cell->parameters.end(); ++it) {
			f << stringf("%sdefparam %s.%s = ", indent.c_str(), cell_name.c_str(), id(it->first).c_str());
			dump_const(f, it->second);
			f << stringf(";\n");
		}
	}

	if (siminit && RTLIL::builtin_ff_cell_types().count(cell->type) && cell->hasPort(ID::Q) && !cell->type.in(ID($ff), ID($_FF_))) {
		std::stringstream ss;
		dump_reg_init(ss, cell->getPort(ID::Q));
		if (!ss.str().empty()) {
			f << stringf("%sinitial %s.Q", indent.c_str(), cell_name.c_str());
			f << ss.str();
			f << ";\n";
		}
	}
}

void dump_sync_effect(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::SigSpec &trg, const RTLIL::Const &polarity, std::vector<const RTLIL::Cell*> &cells)
{
	if (trg.size() == 0) {
		f << stringf("%s" "initial begin\n", indent.c_str());
	} else {
		f << stringf("%s" "always @(", indent.c_str());
		for (int i = 0; i < trg.size(); i++) {
			if (i != 0)
				f << " or ";
			if (polarity[i])
				f << "posedge ";
			else
				f << "negedge ";
			dump_sigspec(f, trg[i]);
		}
		f << ") begin\n";
	}

	std::sort(cells.begin(), cells.end(), [](const RTLIL::Cell *a, const RTLIL::Cell *b) {
		return a->getParam(ID::PRIORITY).as_int() > b->getParam(ID::PRIORITY).as_int();
	});
	for (auto cell : cells) {
		f << stringf("%s" "  if (", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::EN));
		f << stringf(") begin\n");

		if (cell->type == ID($print)) {
			dump_cell_expr_print(f, indent + "    ", cell);
		} else if (cell->type == ID($check)) {
			std::string flavor = cell->getParam(ID::FLAVOR).decode_string();
			if (flavor == "assert" || flavor == "assume") {
				Fmt fmt;
				fmt.parse_rtlil(cell);
				if (!fmt.parts.empty()) {
					f << stringf("%s" "    if (!", indent.c_str());
					dump_sigspec(f, cell->getPort(ID::A));
					f << stringf(")\n");
					dump_cell_expr_print(f, indent + "      ", cell);
				}
			} else {
				f << stringf("%s" "  /* message omitted */\n", indent.c_str());
			}

			dump_cell_expr_check(f, indent + "    ", cell);
		}

		f << stringf("%s" "  end\n", indent.c_str());
	}

	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
}

void dump_conn(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::SigSpec &left, const RTLIL::SigSpec &right)
{
	bool all_chunks_wires = true;
	for (auto &chunk : left.chunks())
		if (chunk.is_wire() && reg_wires.count(chunk.wire->name))
			all_chunks_wires = false;
	if (!simple_lhs && all_chunks_wires) {
		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, left);
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_sigspec(f, right);
		f << stringf(";\n");
	} else {
		int offset = 0;
		for (auto &chunk : left.chunks()) {
			if (chunk.is_wire() && reg_wires.count(chunk.wire->name))
				f << stringf("%s" "always%s\n%s  ", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_comb" : " @*", indent.c_str());
			else
				f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, chunk);
			f << stringf(" = ");
			dump_sigspec(f, right.extract(offset, GetSize(chunk)));
			f << stringf(";\n");
			offset += GetSize(chunk);
		}
	}
}

void dump_proc_switch(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::SwitchRule *sw);

void dump_case_actions(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::CaseRule *cs)
{
	for (auto it = cs->actions.begin(); it != cs->actions.end(); ++it) {
		if (it->first.size() == 0)
			continue;
		f << stringf("%s  ", indent.c_str());
		dump_sigspec(f, it->first);
		f << stringf(" = ");
		dump_sigspec(f, it->second);
		f << stringf(";\n");
	}
}

bool dump_proc_switch_ifelse(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::SwitchRule *sw)
{
	for (auto it = sw->cases.begin(); it != sw->cases.end(); ++it) {
		if ((*it)->compare.size() == 0) {
			break;
		} else if ((*it)->compare.size() == 1) {
			int case_index = it - sw->cases.begin();
			SigSpec compare = (*it)->compare.at(0);
			if (case_index >= compare.size())
				return false;
			if (compare[case_index] != State::S1)
				return false;
			for (int bit_index = 0; bit_index < compare.size(); bit_index++)
				if (bit_index != case_index && compare[bit_index] != State::Sa)
					return false;
		} else {
			return false;
		}
	}

	dump_attributes(f, indent, sw->attributes);
	f << indent;
	auto sig_it = sw->signal.begin();
	for (auto it = sw->cases.begin(); it != sw->cases.end(); ++it, ++sig_it) {
		if (it != sw->cases.begin()) {
			if ((*it)->compare.empty())
				f << " else begin\n";
			else
				f << " else ";
		}
		if (!(*it)->compare.empty()) {
			f << stringf("if (");
			dump_sigspec(f, *sig_it);
			f << stringf(") begin\n");
		}

		dump_case_actions(f, indent, (*it));
		for (auto it2 = (*it)->switches.begin(); it2 != (*it)->switches.end(); ++it2)
			dump_proc_switch(f, indent + "  ", *it2);

		f << indent << "end";
		if ((*it)->compare.empty())
			break;
	}
	f << "\n";
	return true;
}

void dump_case_body(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::CaseRule *cs, bool omit_trailing_begin = false)
{
	int number_of_stmts = cs->switches.size() + cs->actions.size();

	if (!omit_trailing_begin && number_of_stmts >= 2)
		f << stringf("%s" "begin\n", indent.c_str());

	dump_case_actions(f, indent, cs);
	for (auto it = cs->switches.begin(); it != cs->switches.end(); ++it)
		dump_proc_switch(f, indent + "  ", *it);

	if (!omit_trailing_begin && number_of_stmts == 0)
		f << stringf("%s  /* empty */;\n", indent.c_str());

	if (omit_trailing_begin || number_of_stmts >= 2)
		f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
}

void dump_proc_switch(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::SwitchRule *sw)
{
	if (sw->signal.size() == 0) {
		f << stringf("%s" "begin\n", indent.c_str());
		for (auto it = sw->cases.begin(); it != sw->cases.end(); ++it) {
			if ((*it)->compare.size() == 0)
				dump_case_body(f, indent + "  ", *it);
		}
		f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
		return;
	}

	if (dump_proc_switch_ifelse(f, indent, sw))
		return;

	dump_attributes(f, indent, sw->attributes);
	f << stringf("%s" "casez (", indent.c_str());
	dump_sigspec(f, sw->signal);
	f << stringf(")\n");

	for (auto it = sw->cases.begin(); it != sw->cases.end(); ++it) {
		bool got_default = false;
		dump_attributes(f, indent + "  ", (*it)->attributes, "\n", /*modattr=*/false, /*regattr=*/false, /*as_comment=*/true);
		if ((*it)->compare.size() == 0) {
			f << stringf("%s  default", indent.c_str());
			got_default = true;
		} else {
			f << stringf("%s  ", indent.c_str());
			for (size_t i = 0; i < (*it)->compare.size(); i++) {
				if (i > 0)
					f << stringf(", ");
				dump_sigspec(f, (*it)->compare[i]);
			}
		}
		f << stringf(":\n");
		dump_case_body(f, indent + "    ", *it);

		if (got_default) {
			// If we followed up the default with more cases the Verilog
			// semantics would be to match those *before* the default, but
			// the RTLIL semantics are to match those *after* the default
			// (so they can never be selected). Exit now.
			break;
		}
	}

	if (sw->cases.empty()) {
		// Verilog does not allow empty cases.
		f << stringf("%s  default: ;\n", indent.c_str());
	}

	f << stringf("%s" "endcase\n", indent.c_str());
}

void case_body_find_regs(RTLIL::CaseRule *cs)
{
	for (auto it = cs->switches.begin(); it != cs->switches.end(); ++it)
	for (auto it2 = (*it)->cases.begin(); it2 != (*it)->cases.end(); it2++)
		case_body_find_regs(*it2);

	for (auto it = cs->actions.begin(); it != cs->actions.end(); ++it) {
		for (auto &c : it->first.chunks())
			if (c.wire != NULL)
				reg_wires.insert(c.wire->name);
	}
}

void dump_process(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Process *proc, bool find_regs = false)
{
	if (find_regs) {
		case_body_find_regs(&proc->root_case);
		for (auto it = proc->syncs.begin(); it != proc->syncs.end(); ++it)
		for (auto it2 = (*it)->actions.begin(); it2 != (*it)->actions.end(); it2++) {
			for (auto &c : it2->first.chunks())
				if (c.wire != NULL)
					reg_wires.insert(c.wire->name);
		}
		return;
	}

	f << stringf("%s" "always%s begin\n", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_comb" : " @*");
	if (!systemverilog)
		f << indent + "  " << "if (" << id(initial_id) << ") begin end\n";
	dump_case_body(f, indent, &proc->root_case, true);

	std::string backup_indent = indent;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->syncs.size(); i++)
	{
		RTLIL::SyncRule *sync = proc->syncs[i];
		indent = backup_indent;

		if (sync->type == RTLIL::STa) {
			f << stringf("%s" "always%s begin\n", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_comb" : " @*");
		} else if (sync->type == RTLIL::STi) {
			f << stringf("%s" "initial begin\n", indent.c_str());
		} else {
			f << stringf("%s" "always%s @(", indent.c_str(), systemverilog ? "_ff" : "");
			if (sync->type == RTLIL::STp || sync->type == RTLIL::ST1)
				f << stringf("posedge ");
			if (sync->type == RTLIL::STn || sync->type == RTLIL::ST0)
				f << stringf("negedge ");
			dump_sigspec(f, sync->signal);
			f << stringf(") begin\n");
		}
		std::string ends = indent + "end\n";
		indent += "  ";

		if (sync->type == RTLIL::ST0 || sync->type == RTLIL::ST1) {
			f << stringf("%s" "if (%s", indent.c_str(), sync->type == RTLIL::ST0 ? "!" : "");
			dump_sigspec(f, sync->signal);
			f << stringf(") begin\n");
			ends = indent + "end\n" + ends;
			indent += "  ";
		}

		if (sync->type == RTLIL::STp || sync->type == RTLIL::STn) {
			for (size_t j = 0; j < proc->syncs.size(); j++) {
				RTLIL::SyncRule *sync2 = proc->syncs[j];
				if (sync2->type == RTLIL::ST0 || sync2->type == RTLIL::ST1) {
					f << stringf("%s" "if (%s", indent.c_str(), sync2->type == RTLIL::ST1 ? "!" : "");
					dump_sigspec(f, sync2->signal);
					f << stringf(") begin\n");
					ends = indent + "end\n" + ends;
					indent += "  ";
				}
			}
		}

		for (auto it = sync->actions.begin(); it != sync->actions.end(); ++it) {
			if (it->first.size() == 0)
				continue;
			f << stringf("%s  ", indent.c_str());
			dump_sigspec(f, it->first);
			f << stringf(" <= ");
			dump_sigspec(f, it->second);
			f << stringf(";\n");
		}

		f << stringf("%s", ends.c_str());
	}
}

void dump_module(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Module *module)
{
	std::map<std::pair<RTLIL::SigSpec, RTLIL::Const>, std::vector<const RTLIL::Cell*>> sync_effect_cells;

	reg_wires.clear();
	reset_auto_counter(module);
	active_module = module;
	active_sigmap.set(module);
	active_initdata.clear();

	for (auto wire : module->wires())
		if (wire->attributes.count(ID::init)) {
			SigSpec sig = active_sigmap(wire);
			Const val = wire->attributes.at(ID::init);
			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig) && i < GetSize(val); i++)
				if (val[i] == State::S0 || val[i] == State::S1)
					active_initdata[sig[i]] = val[i];
		}

	bool has_sync_rules = false;
	for (auto process : module->processes)
		if (!process.second->syncs.empty())
			has_sync_rules = true;
	if (has_sync_rules)
		log_warning("Module %s contains RTLIL processes with sync rules. Such RTLIL "
				"processes can't always be mapped directly to Verilog always blocks. "
				"unintended changes in simulation behavior are possible! Use \"proc\" "
				"to convert processes to logic networks and registers.\n", log_id(module));

	f << stringf("\n");
	for (auto it = module->processes.begin(); it != module->processes.end(); ++it)
		dump_process(f, indent + "  ", it->second, true);

	if (!noexpr)
	{
		std::set<std::pair<RTLIL::Wire*,int>> reg_bits;
		for (auto cell : module->cells())
		{
			if (cell->type.in(ID($print), ID($check)) && cell->getParam(ID::TRG_ENABLE).as_bool()) {
				sync_effect_cells[make_pair(cell->getPort(ID::TRG), cell->getParam(ID::TRG_POLARITY))].push_back(cell);
				continue;
			}

			if (!RTLIL::builtin_ff_cell_types().count(cell->type) || !cell->hasPort(ID::Q) || cell->type.in(ID($ff), ID($_FF_)))
				continue;

			RTLIL::SigSpec sig = cell->getPort(ID::Q);

			if (sig.is_chunk()) {
				RTLIL::SigChunk chunk = sig.as_chunk();
				if (chunk.wire != NULL)
					for (int i = 0; i < chunk.width; i++)
						reg_bits.insert(std::pair<RTLIL::Wire*,int>(chunk.wire, chunk.offset+i));
			}
		}
		for (auto wire : module->wires())
		{
			for (int i = 0; i < wire->width; i++)
				if (reg_bits.count(std::pair<RTLIL::Wire*,int>(wire, i)) == 0)
					goto this_wire_aint_reg;
			if (wire->width)
				reg_wires.insert(wire->name);
		this_wire_aint_reg:;
		}
	}

	dump_attributes(f, indent, module->attributes, "\n", /*modattr=*/true);
	f << stringf("%s" "module %s(", indent.c_str(), id(module->name, false).c_str());
	int cnt = 0;
	for (auto port : module->ports) {
		Wire *wire = module->wire(port);
		if (wire) {
			if (port != module->ports[0])
				f << stringf(", ");
			f << stringf("%s", id(wire->name).c_str());
			if (cnt==20) { f << stringf("\n"); cnt = 0; } else cnt++;
			continue;
		}
	}
	f << stringf(");\n");
	if (!systemverilog && !module->processes.empty()) {
		initial_id = NEW_ID;
		f << indent + "  " << "reg " << id(initial_id) << " = 0;\n";
	}

	for (auto w : module->wires())
		dump_wire(f, indent + "  ", w);

	for (auto &mem : Mem::get_all_memories(module))
		dump_memory(f, indent + "  ", mem);

	for (auto cell : module->cells())
		dump_cell(f, indent + "  ", cell);

	for (auto &it : sync_effect_cells)
		dump_sync_effect(f, indent + "  ", it.first.first, it.first.second, it.second);

	for (auto it = module->processes.begin(); it != module->processes.end(); ++it)
		dump_process(f, indent + "  ", it->second);

	for (auto it = module->connections().begin(); it != module->connections().end(); ++it)
		dump_conn(f, indent + "  ", it->first, it->second);

	f << stringf("%s" "endmodule\n", indent.c_str());
	active_module = NULL;
	active_sigmap.clear();
	active_initdata.clear();
}

struct VerilogBackend : public Backend {
	VerilogBackend() : Backend("verilog", "write design to Verilog file") { }
	void help() override
	{
		//   |---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|
		log("\n");
		log("    write_verilog [options] [filename]\n");
		log("\n");
		log("Write the current design to a Verilog file.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -sv\n");
		log("        with this option, SystemVerilog constructs like always_comb are used\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -norename\n");
		log("        without this option all internal object names (the ones with a dollar\n");
		log("        instead of a backslash prefix) are changed to short names in the\n");
		log("        format '_<number>_'.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -renameprefix <prefix>\n");
		log("        insert this prefix in front of auto-generated instance names\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -noattr\n");
		log("        with this option no attributes are included in the output\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -attr2comment\n");
		log("        with this option attributes are included as comments in the output\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -noexpr\n");
		log("        without this option all internal cells are converted to Verilog\n");
		log("        expressions.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -noparallelcase\n");
		log("        With this option no parallel_case attributes are used. Instead, a case\n");
		log("        statement that assigns don't-care values for priority dependent inputs\n");
		log("        is generated.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -siminit\n");
		log("        add initial statements with hierarchical refs to initialize FFs when\n");
		log("        in -noexpr mode.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -nodec\n");
		log("        32-bit constant values are by default dumped as decimal numbers,\n");
		log("        not bit pattern. This option deactivates this feature and instead\n");
		log("        will write out all constants in binary.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -decimal\n");
		log("        dump 32-bit constants in decimal and without size and radix\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -nohex\n");
		log("        constant values that are compatible with hex output are usually\n");
		log("        dumped as hex values. This option deactivates this feature and\n");
		log("        instead will write out all constants in binary.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -nostr\n");
		log("        Parameters and attributes that are specified as strings in the\n");
		log("        original input will be output as strings by this back-end. This\n");
		log("        deactivates this feature and instead will write string constants\n");
		log("        as binary numbers.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -simple-lhs\n");
		log("        Connection assignments with simple left hand side without\n");
		log("        concatenations.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -extmem\n");
		log("        instead of initializing memories using assignments to individual\n");
		log("        elements, use the '$readmemh' function to read initialization data\n");
		log("        from a file. This data is written to a file named by appending\n");
		log("        a sequential index to the Verilog filename and replacing the extension\n");
		log("        with '.mem', e.g. 'write_verilog -extmem foo.v' writes 'foo-1.mem',\n");
		log("        'foo-2.mem' and so on.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -defparam\n");
		log("        use 'defparam' statements instead of the Verilog-2001 syntax for\n");
		log("        cell parameters.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -blackboxes\n");
		log("        usually modules with the 'blackbox' attribute are ignored. with\n");
		log("        this option set only the modules with the 'blackbox' attribute\n");
		log("        are written to the output file.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -selected\n");
		log("        only write selected modules. modules must be selected entirely or\n");
		log("        not at all.\n");
		log("\n");
		log("    -v\n");
		log("        verbose output (print new names of all renamed wires and cells)\n");
		log("\n");
		log("Note that RTLIL processes can't always be mapped directly to Verilog\n");
		log("always blocks. This frontend should only be used to export an RTLIL\n");
		log("netlist, i.e. after the \"proc\" pass has been used to convert all\n");
		log("processes to logic networks and registers. A warning is generated when\n");
		log("this command is called on a design with RTLIL processes.\n");
		log("\n");
	}
	void execute(std::ostream *&f, std::string filename, std::vector<std::string> args, RTLIL::Design *design) override
	{
		log_header(design, "Executing Verilog backend.\n");

		verbose = false;
		norename = false;
		noattr = false;
		attr2comment = false;
		noexpr = false;
		nodec = false;
		nohex = false;
		nostr = false;
		extmem = false;
		defparam = false;
		decimal = false;
		siminit = false;
		simple_lhs = false;
		noparallelcase = false;
		auto_prefix = "";

		bool blackboxes = false;
		bool selected = false;

		auto_name_map.clear();
		reg_wires.clear();

		size_t argidx;
		for (argidx = 1; argidx < args.size(); argidx++) {
			std::string arg = args[argidx];
			if (arg == "-sv") {
				systemverilog = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-norename") {
				norename = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-renameprefix" && argidx+1 < args.size()) {
				auto_prefix = args[++argidx];
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-noattr") {
				noattr = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-attr2comment") {
				attr2comment = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-noexpr") {
				noexpr = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-noparallelcase") {
				noparallelcase = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-nodec") {
				nodec = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-nohex") {
				nohex = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-nostr") {
				nostr = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-extmem") {
				extmem = true;
				extmem_counter = 1;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-defparam") {
				defparam = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-decimal") {
				decimal = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-siminit") {
				siminit = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-blackboxes") {
				blackboxes = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-selected") {
				selected = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-simple-lhs") {
				simple_lhs = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (arg == "-v") {
				verbose = true;
				continue;
			}
			break;
		}
		extra_args(f, filename, args, argidx);
		if (extmem)
		{
			if (filename == "<stdout>")
				log_cmd_error("Option -extmem must be used with a filename.\n");
			extmem_prefix = filename.substr(0, filename.rfind('.'));
		}

		log_push();
		if (!noexpr) {
			Pass::call(design, "bmuxmap");
			Pass::call(design, "demuxmap");
		}
		Pass::call(design, "clean_zerowidth");
		log_pop();

		design->sort();

		*f << stringf("/* Generated by %s */\n", yosys_version_str);
		if (!selected) design->push_complete_selection();
		for (auto module : design->selected_modules(RTLIL::SELECT_WHOLE_CMDERR, RTLIL::SB_ALL)) {
			if (module->get_blackbox_attribute() != blackboxes)
				continue;
			log("Dumping module `%s'.\n", module->name.c_str());
			dump_module(*f, "", module);
		}
		if (!selected) design->pop_selection();

		auto_name_map.clear();
		reg_wires.clear();
	}
} VerilogBackend;

PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_END