go-ethereum/content/docs/getting_started/getting_started.md

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Getting Started with Geth	docs/getting-started	A

This page explains how to set up Geth and execute some basic tasks using the command line tools. In order to use Geth, the software must first be installed. There are several ways Geth can be installed depending on the operating system and the user's choice of installation method, for example using a package manager, container or building from source. Instructions for installing Geth can be found on the "Install and Build" pages. Geth also needs to be connected to a consensus client in order to function as an Ethereum node. The tutorial on this page assumes Geth and a consensus client have been installed successfully and that a firewall has been configured to block external traffic to the JSON-RPC port 8545 see Security.

This page provides step-by-step instructions covering the fundamentals of using Geth. This includes generating accounts, joining an Ethereum network, syncing the blockchain and sending ether between accounts. This page uses Geth's built in account management tool. This is the simplest method for creating and accessing accounts in Geth, is sufficiently secure for many purposes and provides a good entry point for undersatanding some of the basic Geth workflows. However, Geth also comes bundled with an external signer and account management tool called Clef. It is best practise to use Clef instead of Geth's built-in account management tools because Clef is decoupled from Geth and can be run in a separate, secure environment. This page should be used as an initial entry point into basic Geth and readers should plan to advance from this page to Getting started with Geth and Clef. Eventually, Clef is intended to replace Geth's built-in account management tools.

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Prerequisites

In order to get the most value from the tutorials on this page, the following skills are necessary:

• Experience using the command line
• Basic knowledge about Ethereum and testnets
• Basic knowledge about HTTP and JavaScript
• Basic knowledge of node architecture and consensus clients

Users that need to revisit these fundamentals can find helpful resources relating to the command line here, Ethereum and its testnets here, http here and Javascript here. Information on node architecture can be found here and our guide for configuring Geth to connect to a consensus client is here.

{% include note.html content="If Geth was installed from source on Linux, make saves the binaries for Geth and the associated tools in /build/bin. To run these programs it is convenient to move them to the top level project directory (e.g. running mv ./build/bin/* ./) from /go-ethereum. Then ./ must be prepended to the commands in the code snippets in order to execute a particular program, e.g. ./geth instead of simply geth. If the executables are not moved then either navigate to the bin directory to run them (e.g. cd ./build/bin and ./geth) or provide their path (e.g. ./build/bin/geth). These instructions can be ignored for other installations." %}

Background

Geth is an Ethereum client written in Go. This means running Geth turns a computer into an Ethereum node. Ethereum is a peer-to-peer network where information is shared directly between nodes rather than being managed by a central server. Every 12 seconds one node is randomly selected to generate a new block containing a list of transactions that nodes receiving the block should execute. This "block proposer" node sends the new block to its peers. On receiving a new block, each node checks that it is valid and adds it to their database. The sequence of discrete blocks is called a "blockchain".

The information provided in each block is used by Geth to update its "state" - the ether balance of each account on Ethereum and the data stored by each smart contract. There are two types of account: externally-owned accounts (EOAs) and contract accounts. Contract accounts execute contract code when they receive transactions. EOAs are accounts that users manage locally in order to sign and submit transactions. Each EOA is a public-private key pair, where the public key is used to derive a unique address for the user and the private key is used to protect the account and securely sign messages. Therefore, in order to use Ethereum, it is first necessary to generate an EOA (hereafter, "account"). This tutorial will guide the user through creating an account, funding it with ether and sending some to another address.

Read more about Ethereum accounts here.

Step 1: Generating accounts

To generate a new account in Geth:

geth account new

This returns a prompt for a password. Once provided, a new account will be created and added to the default keystore (/datadir/keystore). A custom keystore can also be provided by passing --keystore <path>. In this tutorial the keys will be stored in a new data directory geth-tutorial. Create that diredctory, then run:

geth account new --keystore geth-tutorial/keystore

The following will be returned to the console, confirming the new account has been created and added to the keystore.

Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Password:
Repeat password:

Your new key was generated

Public address of the key:  0xca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC
Path of the secret key file: /home/go-ethereum/geth-tutorial/keystore/UTC--2022-07-25T08-27-59.433905560Z--ca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC

- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.
- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!
- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!
- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!

It is important to save the account address and the password somewhere secure. They will be used again later in this tutorial. Please note that the account address shown in the code snippets above and later in this tutorials are examples - those generated by followers of this tutorial will be different. The account generated above can be used as the main account throughout the remainder of this tutorial. However in order to demonstrate transactions between accounts it is also necessary to have a second account. A second account can be added to the same keystore by precisely repeating the previous steps, providing the same password.

Notice that the path to the secret key includes a long filename that starts UTC--. This is the name of the file that contains the keys for the new account. It is extremely important that this file stays secure because it contains the secret key used to control access to any funds associated with the account. The file should be backed up securely along with the password used to encrypt it. If the file or the password is lost, then so is access to the funds in the account. If someone else gains access to the keyfile and password, they have access to any assets in the account.

Step 2: Start Geth

Geth is the Ethereum client that will connect the computer to the Ethereum network. In this tutorial the network is Goerli, an Ethereum testnet. Testnets are used to test Ethereum client software and smart contracts in an environment where no real-world value is at risk. To start Geth, run the Geth executable file passing argument that define the data directory (where Geth should save blockchain data), the network ID and the sync mode. For this tutorial, snap sync is recommended (see here for reasons why).

The following command should be run in the terminal:

geth --datadir geth-tutorial --goerli --syncmode snap

Running the above command starts Geth. The terminal should rapidly fill with status updates that look like the following:

INFO [02-10|13:59:06.649] Starting Geth on goerli testnet...
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.649] Dropping default light client cache      provided=1024 updated=128
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.652] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.660] Set global gas cap                       cap=50,000,000
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.661] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/.../geth-tutorial/geth/chaindata cache=64.00MiB handles=5120
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.855] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=361 size=51.17KiB time="643.54µs" gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.855] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 5 Homestead: 0 DAO: nil DAOSupport: true EIP150: 0 EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: 0 Constantinople: 0 Petersburg: 0 Istanbul: 1561651, Muir Glacier: nil, Berlin: 4460644, London: 5062605, Arrow Glacier: nil, MergeFork: nil, Engine: clique}"
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.862] Added trusted checkpoint                 block=5,799,935 hash=2de018..c32427
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.863] Loaded most recent local header          number=6,340,934 hash=483cf5..858315 td=9,321,576 age=2d9h29m
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.867] Configured checkpoint oracle             address=0x18CA0E045F0D772a851BC7e48357Bcaab0a0795D signers=5 threshold=2
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.867] Gasprice oracle is ignoring threshold set threshold=2
WARN [02-10|13:59:06.869] Unclean shutdown detected                booted=2022-02-08T04:25:08+0100 age=2d9h33m
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.870] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.10.15-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.17.5
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.995] New local node record                    seq=1,644,272,735,880 id=d4ffcd252d322a89 ip=127.0.0.1 udp=30303 tcp=30303
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.996] Started P2P networking                   self=enode://4b80ebd341b5308f7a6b61d91aa0ea31bd5fc9e0a6a5483e59fd4ea84e0646b13ecd289e31e00821ccedece0bf4b9189c474371af7393093138f546ac23ef93e@127.0.0.1:30303
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.997] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/.../geth-tutorial/geth.ipc
WARN [02-10|13:59:06.998] Light client mode is an experimental feature
INFO [02-10|13:59:08.793] Block synchronisation started

This indicates that Geth has started up and is searching for peers to connect to. Once it finds peers it can request block headers from them, starting at the genesis block for the Goerli blockchain. Geth continues to download blocks sequentially, saving the data in files in /go-ethereum/geth-tutorial/geth/chaindata/. This is confirmed by the logs printed to the terminal. There should be a rapidly-growing sequence of logs in the terminal with the following syntax:

INFO [04-29][15:54:09.238] Looking for peers             peercount=2 tried=0 static=0
INFO [04-29][15:54:19.393] Imported new block headers    count=2 elapsed=1.127ms  number=996288  hash=09f1e3..718c47 age=13h9m5s
INFO [04-29][15:54:19:656] Imported new block receipts   count=698  elapsed=4.464ms number=994566 hash=56dc44..007c93 age=13h9m9s

These logs indicate that Geth is running as expected.

If there is no error message reported to the terminal, everything is OK. Geth must be running in order for a user to interact with the Ethereum network. If this terminal is closed down then Geth must be restarted again. Geth can be started and stopped easily, but it must be running for any interaction with Ethereum to take place. To shut down Geth, simply press CTRL+C in the Geth terminal. To start it again, run the previous command geth --datadir ... ...

{% include note.html content="Snap syncing Goerli will take some time and until the sync is finished you can't use the node to transfer funds. You can also try doing a light sync which will be much quicker but depends on light servers being available to serve your node the data it needs." %}

Step 3: Get Testnet Ether

In order to make some transactions, the user must fund their account with ether. On Ethereum mainnet, ether can only be obtained in three ways: 1) by receiving it as a reward for mining/validating; 2) receiving it in a transfer from another Ethereum user or contract; 3) receiving it from an exchange, having paid for it with fiat money. On Ethereum testnets, the ether has no real world value so it can be made freely available via faucets. Faucets allow users to request a transfer of testnet ether to their account.

The address generated by geth account new can be pasted into the Paradigm Multifaucet faucet here. This requires a Twitter login as proof of personhood. The faucets adds ether to the given address on multiple testnets simultaneously, including Goerli. In the next steps Geth will be used to check that the ether has been sent to the given address and send some of it to the second address created earlier.

Step 4: Interact with Geth

For interacting with the blockchain, Geth provides JSON-RPC APIs. JSON-RPC is a way to execute specific tasks by sending instructions to Geth in the form of JSON objects. RPC stands for "Remote Procedure Call" and it refers to the ability to send these JSON-encoded instructions from locations outside of those managed by Geth. It is possible to interact with Geth by sending these JSON encoded instructions directly to Geth using tools such as Curl. However, this is somewhat user-unfriendly and error-prone, especially for more complex instructions. For this reason, there are a set of libraries built on top of JSON-RPC that provide a more user-friendly interface for interacting with Geth. One of the most widely used is Web3.js.

Geth provides a Javascript console that exposes the Web3.js API. This means that with Geth running in one terminal, a Javascript environment can be opened in another allowing the user to interact with Geth using Web3.js. There are three transport protocols that can be used to connect the Javascript environment to Geth:

• IPC (Inter-Process Communication): Provides unrestricted access to all APIs, but only works when the

• console is run on the same host as the Geth node.

• HTTP: By default provides access to the eth, web3 and net method namespaces.

• Websocket: By default provides access to the eth, web3 and net method namespaces.

This tutorial will use the IPC option. To do this, the path to Geth's ipc file must be known. By default, this is the datadir, in this case geth-tutorial. In a new terminal, the following command can be run to start the Javascript console and connect it to Geth using the geth.ipc file from the datadir:

geth attach geth-tutorial/geth.ipc

The following welcome message will be displayed in the Javascript console:

Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.10.15-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.17.5
at block: 6354736 (Thu Feb 10 2022 14:01:46 GMT+0100 (WAT))
 datadir: /home/go-ethereum/geth-tutorial
 modules: admin:1.0 clique:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

To exit, press ctrl-d or type exit

The console is now active and connected to Geth. It can now be used to interact with the Ethereum (Goerli) network.

List of accounts

Earlier in this tutorial, at least one account was created using geth account new. The following command will display the addresses of those two accounts and any others that might have been added to the keystore before or since.

eth.accounts

["0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec", "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653"]

Checking account balance.

Having confirmed that the two addresses created earlier are indeed in the keystore and accessible through the Javascript console, it is possible to retrieve information about how much ether they own. The Goerli faucet should have sent 1 ETH to the address provided, meaning that the balance of one of the accounts should be 1 ether and the other should be 0. The following command displays the account balance in the console:

web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance("0xca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC"), "ether")

There are actually two instructions sent in the above command. The inner one is the getBalance function from the eth namespace. This takes the account address as its only argument. By default, this returns the account balance in units of Wei. There are 10¹⁸ Wei to one ether. To present the result in units of ether, getBalance is wrapped in the fromWei function from the web3 namespace. Running this command should provide the following result (for the account that received faucet funds):

1

Repeating the command for the other new account that was not funded from the faucet should yield:

0

Send ether to another account

The command eth.sendTransaction can be used to send some ether from one address to another. This command takes three arguments: from, to and value. These define the sender and recipient addresses (as strings) and the amount of Wei to transfer. It is far less error prone to enter the transaction value in units of ether rather than Wei, so the value field can take the return value from the toWei function. The following command, run in the Javascript console, sends 0.1 ether from one of the accounts in the keystore to the other. Note that the addresses here are examples - the user must replace the address in the from field with the address currently owning 1 ether, and the address in the to field with the address currently holding 0 ether.

eth.sendTransaction({
    from: "0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec",
    to: "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653",
    value: web3.toWei(0.1, "ether")
})

This command will return an error message indicating that authentication is needed: password or unlock. This is a security feature that prevents unauthorized access to sensitive account operations. There are two ways to unlock the account. The first is to start Geth with the account permanently unlocked (by passing --unlock <address> at startup). This is not recommended because the account remains unlocked all the time Geth is running, creating a security weakness. Instead, it is better to temporarily unlock the account for the specific transaction. This requires using the sendTransaction method from the personal namespace instead of the eth namespace. The password can be provided as a string in the method call as follows:

personal.sendTransaction({
    from: "0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec",
    to: "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653",
    value: web3.toWei(0.1, "ether")
}, "password")

In the Javascript console, the transaction hash is displayed. This will be used in the next section to retrieve the transaction details.

"0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb"

It is also advised to check the account balances using Geth by repeating the instructions from earlier. At this point in the tutorial, the two accounts in the keystore should have balances just below 0.9 ether (because 0.1 ether has been transferred out and some small amount paid in transaction gas) and 0.1 ether.

Checking the transaction hash

The transaction hash is a unique identifier for this specific transaction that can be used later to retrieve the transaction details. For example, the transaction details can be viewed by pasting this hash into the Goerli block explorer. The same information can also be retrieved directly from the Geth node. The hash returned in the previous step can be provided as an argument to eth.getTransaction to return the transaction information:

eth.getTransaction("0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb")

This returns the following response (although the actual values for each field will vary because they are specific to each transaction):

{
  accessList: [],
  blockHash: "0x1c5d3f8dd997b302935391b57dc3e4fffd1fa2088ef2836d51f844f993eb39c4",
  blockNumber: 6355150,
  chainId: "0x5",
  from: "0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec",
  gas: 21000,
  gasPrice: 2425000023,
  hash: "0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb",
  input: "0x",
  maxFeePerGas: 2425000057,
  maxPriorityFeePerGas: 2424999967,
  nonce: 3,
  r: "0x66e5d23ad156e04363e68b986d3a09e879f7fe6c84993cef800bc3b7ba8af072",
  s: "0x647ff82be943ea4738600c831c4a19879f212eb77e32896c05055174045da1bc",
  to: "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653",
  transactionIndex: 630,
  type: "0x2",
  v: "0x0",
  value: 10000000000000000
}

Using Curl

Up to this point this tutorial has interacted with Geth using the convenience library Web3.js. This library enables the user to send instructions to Geth using a more user-friendly interface compared to sending raw JSON objects. However, it is also possible for the user to send these JSON objects directly to Geth's exposed HTTP port. Curl is a command line tool that sends HTTP requests. This part of the tutorial demonstrates how to check account balances and send a transaction using Curl. This requires Geth to expose an HTTP port to listen for requests. This can be configured at startup by passing the --http flag. If no other commands are passed with it, --http will expose the default localhost:8545 port.

Checking account balance

The command below returns the balance of the given account. This is a HTTP POST request to the local port 8545. The -H flag is for header information. It is used here to define the format of the incoming payload, which is JSON. The --data flag defines the content of the payload, which is a JSON object. That JSON object contains four fields: jsonrpc defines the spec version for the JSON-RPC API, method is the specific function being invoked, params are the function arguments, and id is used for ordering transactions. The two arguments passed to eth_getBalance are the account address whose balance to check and the block to query (here latest is used to check the balance in the most recently mined block).

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8545 \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_getBalance", "params":["0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec","latest"], "id":1}'

A successful call will return a response like the one below:

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0xc7d54951f87f7c0"}

The balance is in the result field in the returned JSON object. However, it is denominated in Wei and presented as a hexadecimal string. There are many options for converting this value to a decimal in units of ether, for example by opening a Python console and running:

0xc7d54951f87f7c0 / 1e18

This returns the balance in ether:

0.8999684999998321

Checking the account list

The curl command below returns the list of all accounts.

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8545 \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
   --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_accounts","params":[], "id":1}'

The following information is returned to the terminal:

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":["0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec"]}

Sending Transactions

It is possible to send transactions using raw curl requests too, but this requires unlocking the sender account. It is recommended to do this using Clef to manage access to accounts or to use ipc instead. The combination of HTTP and unlocked accounts pose a security risk.

Summary

This tutorial has demonstrated how to generate accounts using Geth's built-in account management tool, fund them with testnet ether and use those accounts to interact with Ethereum (Goerli) through a Geth node. Checking account balances, sending transactions and retrieving transaction details were explained using the web3.js library via the Geth console and using the JSON-RPC directly using Curl. Note that this is an entry-level tutorial designed to help users get familiar with basic Geth processes, we strongly recommend following this with the Geth with Clef tutorial which will help to adopt more secure account management practices than those outlined here.