Merge bfc3aaee4c into 23800122b3

goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1270P
             │ stacktrie.3  │          stacktrie.4          │
             │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base         │
Insert100K-8   69.50m ± 12%   74.59m ± 14%  ~ (p=0.128 n=7)

             │ stacktrie.3  │             stacktrie.4             │
             │     B/op     │     B/op      vs base               │
Insert100K-8   4.640Mi ± 0%   3.112Mi ± 0%  -32.93% (p=0.001 n=7)

             │ stacktrie.3 │            stacktrie.4             │
             │  allocs/op  │  allocs/op   vs base               │
Insert100K-8   226.7k ± 0%   126.7k ± 0%  -44.11% (p=0.001 n=7)

accounts/abi/topics.go

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func MakeTopics(query ...[]interface{}) ([][]common.Hash, error) {
 			case common.Address:
 				copy(topic[common.HashLength-common.AddressLength:], rule[:])
 			case *big.Int:
-				copy(topic[:], math.U256Bytes(rule))
+				copy(topic[:], math.U256Bytes(new(big.Int).Set(rule)))
 			case bool:
 				if rule {
 					topic[common.HashLength-1] = 1

accounts/abi/topics_test.go

@@ -149,6 +149,23 @@ func TestMakeTopics(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		})
 	}
+
+	t.Run("does not mutate big.Int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		want := [][]common.Hash{{common.HexToHash("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")}}
+
+		in := big.NewInt(-1)
+		got, err := MakeTopics([]interface{}{in})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("makeTopics() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("makeTopics() = %v, want %v", got, want)
+		}
+		if orig := big.NewInt(-1); in.Cmp(orig) != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("makeTopics() mutated an input parameter from %v to %v", orig, in)
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 type args struct {

core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go

@@ -206,47 +206,24 @@ func New(config Config, diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database, roo
 		log.Warn("Snapshot maintenance disabled (syncing)")
 		return snap, nil
 	}
-	// Create the building waiter iff the background generation is allowed
-	if !config.NoBuild && !config.AsyncBuild {
-		defer snap.waitBuild()
-	}
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Warn("Failed to load snapshot", "err", err)
-		if !config.NoBuild {
+		if config.NoBuild {
-			snap.Rebuild(root)
+			return nil, err
-			return snap, nil
 		}
-		return nil, err // Bail out the error, don't rebuild automatically.
+		wait := snap.Rebuild(root)
+		if !config.AsyncBuild {
+			wait()
+		}
+		return snap, nil
 	}
 	// Existing snapshot loaded, seed all the layers
-	for head != nil {
+	for ; head != nil; head = head.Parent() {
 		snap.layers[head.Root()] = head
-		head = head.Parent()
 	}
 	return snap, nil
 }
 
-// waitBuild blocks until the snapshot finishes rebuilding. This method is meant
-// to be used by tests to ensure we're testing what we believe we are.
-func (t *Tree) waitBuild() {
-	// Find the rebuild termination channel
-	var done chan struct{}
-
-	t.lock.RLock()
-	for _, layer := range t.layers {
-		if layer, ok := layer.(*diskLayer); ok {
-			done = layer.genPending
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	t.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	// Wait until the snapshot is generated
-	if done != nil {
-		<-done
-	}
-}
-
 // Disable interrupts any pending snapshot generator, deletes all the snapshot
 // layers in memory and marks snapshots disabled globally. In order to resume
 // the snapshot functionality, the caller must invoke Rebuild.
@@ -688,8 +665,9 @@ func (t *Tree) Journal(root common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
 
 // Rebuild wipes all available snapshot data from the persistent database and
 // discard all caches and diff layers. Afterwards, it starts a new snapshot
-// generator with the given root hash.
+// generator with the given root hash. The returned function blocks until
-func (t *Tree) Rebuild(root common.Hash) {
+// regeneration is complete.
+func (t *Tree) Rebuild(root common.Hash) (wait func()) {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -721,9 +699,11 @@ func (t *Tree) Rebuild(root common.Hash) {
 	// Start generating a new snapshot from scratch on a background thread. The
 	// generator will run a wiper first if there's not one running right now.
 	log.Info("Rebuilding state snapshot")
+	disk := generateSnapshot(t.diskdb, t.triedb, t.config.CacheSize, root)
 	t.layers = map[common.Hash]snapshot{
-		root: generateSnapshot(t.diskdb, t.triedb, t.config.CacheSize, root),
+		root: disk,
 	}
+	return func() { <-disk.genPending }
 }
 
 // AccountIterator creates a new account iterator for the specified root hash and

eth/tracers/logger/logger.go

@@ -363,26 +363,35 @@ func (t *mdLogger) OnEnter(depth int, typ byte, from common.Address, to common.A
 	if depth != 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	create := vm.OpCode(typ) == vm.CREATE
+	if create := vm.OpCode(typ) == vm.CREATE; !create {
-	if !create {
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "Pre-execution info:\n"+
-		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "From: `%v`\nTo: `%v`\nData: `%#x`\nGas: `%d`\nValue `%v` wei\n",
+			"  - from: `%v`\n"+
-			from.String(), to.String(),
+			"  - to: `%v`\n"+
-			input, gas, value)
+			"  - data: `%#x`\n"+
+			"  - gas: `%d`\n"+
+			"  - value: `%v` wei\n",
+			from.String(), to.String(), input, gas, value)
 	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "From: `%v`\nCreate at: `%v`\nData: `%#x`\nGas: `%d`\nValue `%v` wei\n",
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "Pre-execution info:\n"+
-			from.String(), to.String(),
+			"  - from: `%v`\n"+
-			input, gas, value)
+			"  - create: `%v`\n"+
+			"  - data: `%#x`\n"+
+			"  - gas: `%d`\n"+
+			"  - value: `%v` wei\n",
+			from.String(), to.String(), input, gas, value)
 	}
-
 	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, `
-|  Pc   |      Op     | Cost |   Stack   |   RStack  |  Refund |
+|  Pc   |      Op     | Cost |   Refund  |   Stack   |
-|-------|-------------|------|-----------|-----------|---------|
+|-------|-------------|------|-----------|-----------|
 `)
 }
 
 func (t *mdLogger) OnExit(depth int, output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error, reverted bool) {
 	if depth == 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "\nOutput: `%#x`\nConsumed gas: `%d`\nError: `%v`\n",
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "\nPost-execution info:\n"+
+			"  - output: `%#x`\n"+
+			"  - consumed gas: `%d`\n"+
+			"  - error: `%v`\n",
 			output, gasUsed, err)
 	}
 }
@@ -390,7 +399,8 @@ func (t *mdLogger) OnExit(depth int, output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error, r
 // OnOpcode also tracks SLOAD/SSTORE ops to track storage change.
 func (t *mdLogger) OnOpcode(pc uint64, op byte, gas, cost uint64, scope tracing.OpContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
 	stack := scope.StackData()
-	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "| %4d  | %10v  |  %3d |", pc, vm.OpCode(op).String(), cost)
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "| %4d  | %10v  |  %3d |%10v |", pc, vm.OpCode(op).String(),
+		cost, t.env.StateDB.GetRefund())
 
 	if !t.cfg.DisableStack {
 		// format stack
@@ -401,7 +411,6 @@ func (t *mdLogger) OnOpcode(pc uint64, op byte, gas, cost uint64, scope tracing.
 		b := fmt.Sprintf("[%v]", strings.Join(a, ","))
 		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%10v |", b)
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%10v |", t.env.StateDB.GetRefund())
 	fmt.Fprintln(t.out, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "Error: %v\n", err)

eth/tracers/logger/logger_json.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func NewJSONLogger(cfg *Config, writer io.Writer) *tracing.Hooks {
 	l.hooks = &tracing.Hooks{
 		OnTxStart:         l.OnTxStart,
 		OnSystemCallStart: l.onSystemCallStart,
-		OnExit:            l.OnEnd,
+		OnExit:            l.OnExit,
 		OnOpcode:          l.OnOpcode,
 		OnFault:           l.OnFault,
 	}
@@ -152,13 +152,6 @@ func (l *jsonLogger) OnEnter(depth int, typ byte, from common.Address, to common
 	l.encoder.Encode(frame)
 }
 
-func (l *jsonLogger) OnEnd(depth int, output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error, reverted bool) {
-	if depth > 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	l.OnExit(depth, output, gasUsed, err, false)
-}
-
 func (l *jsonLogger) OnExit(depth int, output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error, reverted bool) {
 	type endLog struct {
 		Output  string              `json:"output"`

internal/ethapi/simulate.go

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"maps"
 	"math/big"
 	"time"
 
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ func (sim *simulator) processBlock(ctx context.Context, block *simBlock, header,
 			Tracer:    tracer.Hooks(),
 		}
 	)
-	var tracingStateDB = vm.StateDB(sim.state)
+	tracingStateDB := vm.StateDB(sim.state)
 	if hooks := tracer.Hooks(); hooks != nil {
 		tracingStateDB = state.NewHookedState(sim.state, hooks)
 	}
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ func (sim *simulator) activePrecompiles(base *types.Header) vm.PrecompiledContra
 		isMerge = (base.Difficulty.Sign() == 0)
 		rules   = sim.chainConfig.Rules(base.Number, isMerge, base.Time)
 	)
-	return maps.Clone(vm.ActivePrecompiledContracts(rules))
+	return vm.ActivePrecompiledContracts(rules)
 }
 
 // sanitizeChain checks the chain integrity. Specifically it checks that

signer/core/apitypes/types.go

@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ func (typedData *TypedData) EncodePrimitiveValue(encType string, encValue interf
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		return math.U256Bytes(b), nil
+		return math.U256Bytes(new(big.Int).Set(b)), nil
 	}
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unrecognized type '%s'", encType)
 }

trie/bytepool.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package trie
+
+// bytesPool is a pool for byteslices. It is safe for concurrent use.
+type bytesPool struct {
+	c chan []byte
+	w int
+}
+
+// newBytesPool creates a new bytesPool. The sliceCap sets the capacity of
+// newly allocated slices, and the nitems determines how many items the pool
+// will hold, at maximum.
+func newBytesPool(sliceCap, nitems int) *bytesPool {
+	return &bytesPool{
+		c: make(chan []byte, nitems),
+		w: sliceCap,
+	}
+}
+
+// Get returns a slice. Safe for concurrent use.
+func (bp *bytesPool) Get() []byte {
+	select {
+	case b := <-bp.c:
+		return b
+	default:
+		return make([]byte, 0, bp.w)
+	}
+}
+
+// Put returns a slice to the pool. Safe for concurrent use. This method
+// will ignore slices that are too small or too large (>3x the cap)
+func (bp *bytesPool) Put(b []byte) {
+	if c := cap(b); c < bp.w || c > 3*bp.w {
+		return
+	}
+	select {
+	case bp.c <- b:
+	default:
+	}
+}

trie/encoding.go

@@ -104,6 +104,17 @@ func keybytesToHex(str []byte) []byte {
 	return nibbles
 }
 
+// writeHexKey writes the hexkey into the given slice.
+// OBS! This method omits the termination flag.
+// OBS! The dst slice must be at least 2x as large as the key
+func writeHexKey(dst []byte, key []byte) {
+	_ = dst[2*len(key)-1]
+	for i, b := range key {
+		dst[i*2] = b / 16
+		dst[i*2+1] = b % 16
+	}
+}
+
 // hexToKeybytes turns hex nibbles into key bytes.
 // This can only be used for keys of even length.
 func hexToKeybytes(hex []byte) []byte {

trie/hasher.go

@@ -188,6 +188,14 @@ func (h *hasher) hashData(data []byte) hashNode {
 	return n
 }
 
+// hashDataTo hashes the provided data to the given destination buffer. The caller
+// must ensure that the dst buffer is of appropriate size.
+func (h *hasher) hashDataTo(dst, data []byte) {
+	h.sha.Reset()
+	h.sha.Write(data)
+	h.sha.Read(dst)
+}
+
 // proofHash is used to construct trie proofs, and returns the 'collapsed'
 // node (for later RLP encoding) as well as the hashed node -- unless the
 // node is smaller than 32 bytes, in which case it will be returned as is.

trie/node.go

@@ -45,6 +45,21 @@ type (
 	}
 	hashNode  []byte
 	valueNode []byte
+
+	//fullnodeEncoder is a type used exclusively for encoding. Briefly instantiating
+	// a fullnodeEncoder and initializing with existing slices is less memory
+	// intense than using the fullNode type.
+	fullnodeEncoder struct {
+		Children [17][]byte
+	}
+
+	//shortNodeEncoder is a type used exclusively for encoding. Briefly instantiating
+	// a shortNodeEncoder and initializing with existing slices is less memory
+	// intense than using the shortNode type.
+	shortNodeEncoder struct {
+		Key []byte
+		Val []byte
+	}
 )
 
 // nilValueNode is used when collapsing internal trie nodes for hashing, since
@@ -89,6 +104,7 @@ func (n *fullNode) fstring(ind string) string {
 	}
 	return resp + fmt.Sprintf("\n%s] ", ind)
 }
+
 func (n *shortNode) fstring(ind string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("{%x: %v} ", n.Key, n.Val.fstring(ind+"  "))
 }
@@ -99,19 +115,6 @@ func (n valueNode) fstring(ind string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%x ", []byte(n))
 }
 
-// rawNode is a simple binary blob used to differentiate between collapsed trie
-// nodes and already encoded RLP binary blobs (while at the same time store them
-// in the same cache fields).
-type rawNode []byte
-
-func (n rawNode) cache() (hashNode, bool)   { panic("this should never end up in a live trie") }
-func (n rawNode) fstring(ind string) string { panic("this should never end up in a live trie") }
-
-func (n rawNode) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
-	_, err := w.Write(n)
-	return err
-}
-
 // mustDecodeNode is a wrapper of decodeNode and panic if any error is encountered.
 func mustDecodeNode(hash, buf []byte) node {
 	n, err := decodeNode(hash, buf)

trie/node_enc.go

@@ -40,6 +40,20 @@ func (n *fullNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
 	w.ListEnd(offset)
 }
 
+func (n *fullnodeEncoder) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
+	offset := w.List()
+	for _, c := range n.Children {
+		if c == nil {
+			w.Write(rlp.EmptyString)
+		} else if len(c) < 32 {
+			w.Write(c) // rawNode
+		} else {
+			w.WriteBytes(c) // hashNode
+		}
+	}
+	w.ListEnd(offset)
+}
+
 func (n *shortNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
 	offset := w.List()
 	w.WriteBytes(n.Key)
@@ -51,6 +65,20 @@ func (n *shortNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
 	w.ListEnd(offset)
 }
 
+func (n *shortNodeEncoder) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
+	offset := w.List()
+	w.WriteBytes(n.Key)
+
+	if n.Val == nil {
+		w.Write(rlp.EmptyString)
+	} else if len(n.Val) < 32 {
+		w.Write(n.Val) // rawNode
+	} else {
+		w.WriteBytes(n.Val) // hashNode
+	}
+	w.ListEnd(offset)
+}
+
 func (n hashNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
 	w.WriteBytes(n)
 }
@@ -58,7 +86,3 @@ func (n hashNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
 func (n valueNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
 	w.WriteBytes(n)
 }
-
-func (n rawNode) encode(w rlp.EncoderBuffer) {
-	w.Write(n)
-}

trie/stacktrie.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 
 var (
 	stPool = sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(stNode) }}
+	bPool  = newBytesPool(32, 100)
 	_      = types.TrieHasher((*StackTrie)(nil))
 )
 
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ type StackTrie struct {
 	h          *hasher
 	last       []byte
 	onTrieNode OnTrieNode
+	kBuf       []byte // buf space used for hex-key during insertions
+	pBuf       []byte // buf space used for path during insertions
 }
 
 // NewStackTrie allocates and initializes an empty trie. The committed nodes
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@ func NewStackTrie(onTrieNode OnTrieNode) *StackTrie {
 		root:       stPool.Get().(*stNode),
 		h:          newHasher(false),
 		onTrieNode: onTrieNode,
+		kBuf:       make([]byte, 0, 64),
+		pBuf:       make([]byte, 0, 32),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +69,16 @@ func (t *StackTrie) Update(key, value []byte) error {
 	if len(value) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("trying to insert empty (deletion)")
 	}
-	k := t.TrieKey(key)
+	var k []byte
+	{ // Need to expand the 'key' into hex-form. We use the dedicated buf for that.
+		if cap(t.kBuf) < 2*len(key) { // realloc to ensure sufficient cap
+			t.kBuf = make([]byte, 2*len(key))
+		}
+		// resize to ensure correct size
+		t.kBuf = t.kBuf[:2*len(key)]
+		writeHexKey(t.kBuf, key)
+		k = t.kBuf
+	}
 	if bytes.Compare(t.last, k) >= 0 {
 		return errors.New("non-ascending key order")
 	}
@@ -73,7 +87,7 @@ func (t *StackTrie) Update(key, value []byte) error {
 	} else {
 		t.last = append(t.last[:0], k...) // reuse key slice
 	}
-	t.insert(t.root, k, value, nil)
+	t.insert(t.root, k, value, t.pBuf[:0])
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -129,6 +143,12 @@ const (
 )
 
 func (n *stNode) reset() *stNode {
+	if n.typ == hashedNode {
+		// On hashnodes, we 'own' the val: it is guaranteed to be not held
+		// by external caller. Hence, when we arrive here, we can put it back
+		// into the pool
+		bPool.Put(n.val)
+	}
 	n.key = n.key[:0]
 	n.val = nil
 	for i := range n.children {
@@ -150,8 +170,11 @@ func (n *stNode) getDiffIndex(key []byte) int {
 	return len(n.key)
 }
 
-// Helper function to that inserts a (key, value) pair into
+// Helper function to that inserts a (key, value) pair into the trie.
-// the trie.
+//   - The key is not retained by this method, but always copied if needed.
+//   - The value is retained by this method, as long as the leaf that it represents
+//     remains unhashed. However: it is never modified.
+//   - The path is not retained by this method.
 func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
 	switch st.typ {
 	case branchNode: /* Branch */
@@ -283,7 +306,7 @@ func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
 
 	case emptyNode: /* Empty */
 		st.typ = leafNode
-		st.key = key
+		st.key = append(st.key, key...)
 		st.val = value
 
 	case hashedNode:
@@ -318,35 +341,32 @@ func (t *StackTrie) hash(st *stNode, path []byte) {
 		return
 
 	case branchNode:
-		var nodes fullNode
+		var nodes fullnodeEncoder
 		for i, child := range st.children {
 			if child == nil {
-				nodes.Children[i] = nilValueNode
 				continue
 			}
 			t.hash(child, append(path, byte(i)))
-
+			nodes.Children[i] = child.val
-			if len(child.val) < 32 {
+		}
-				nodes.Children[i] = rawNode(child.val)
+		nodes.encode(t.h.encbuf)
-			} else {
+		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()
-				nodes.Children[i] = hashNode(child.val)
+		for i, child := range st.children {
+			if child == nil {
+				continue
 			}
 			st.children[i] = nil
 			stPool.Put(child.reset()) // Release child back to pool.
 		}
-		nodes.encode(t.h.encbuf)
-		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()
 
 	case extNode:
 		// recursively hash and commit child as the first step
 		t.hash(st.children[0], append(path, st.key...))
 
 		// encode the extension node
-		n := shortNode{Key: hexToCompactInPlace(st.key)}
+		n := shortNodeEncoder{
-		if len(st.children[0].val) < 32 {
+			Key: hexToCompactInPlace(st.key),
-			n.Val = rawNode(st.children[0].val)
+			Val: st.children[0].val,
-		} else {
-			n.Val = hashNode(st.children[0].val)
 		}
 		n.encode(t.h.encbuf)
 		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()
@@ -356,9 +376,13 @@ func (t *StackTrie) hash(st *stNode, path []byte) {
 
 	case leafNode:
 		st.key = append(st.key, byte(16))
-		n := shortNode{Key: hexToCompactInPlace(st.key), Val: valueNode(st.val)}
+		{
-
+			w := t.h.encbuf
-		n.encode(t.h.encbuf)
+			offset := w.List()
+			w.WriteBytes(hexToCompactInPlace(st.key))
+			w.WriteBytes(st.val)
+			w.ListEnd(offset)
+		}
 		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()
 
 	default:
@@ -368,15 +392,23 @@ func (t *StackTrie) hash(st *stNode, path []byte) {
 	st.typ = hashedNode
 	st.key = st.key[:0]
 
+	st.val = nil // Release reference to potentially externally held slice.
+
 	// Skip committing the non-root node if the size is smaller than 32 bytes
 	// as tiny nodes are always embedded in their parent except root node.
 	if len(blob) < 32 && len(path) > 0 {
-		st.val = common.CopyBytes(blob)
+		val := bPool.Get()
+		val = val[:len(blob)]
+		copy(val, blob)
+		st.val = val
 		return
 	}
 	// Write the hash to the 'val'. We allocate a new val here to not mutate
 	// input values.
-	st.val = t.h.hashData(blob)
+	val := bPool.Get()
+	val = val[:32]
+	t.h.hashDataTo(val, blob)
+	st.val = val
 
 	// Invoke the callback it's provided. Notably, the path and blob slices are
 	// volatile, please deep-copy the slices in callback if the contents need

trie/stacktrie_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package trie
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -398,3 +399,48 @@ func TestStackTrieErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotNil(t, s.Update([]byte{0x10}, []byte{0xb}), "out of order insert")
 	assert.NotNil(t, s.Update([]byte{0xaa}, []byte{0xb}), "repeat insert same key")
 }
+
+func BenchmarkInsert100K(b *testing.B) {
+	var num = 100_000
+	var key = make([]byte, 8)
+	var val = make([]byte, 20)
+	var hash common.Hash
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		s := NewStackTrie(nil)
+		var k uint64
+		for j := 0; j < num; j++ {
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key, k)
+			if err := s.Update(key, val); err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			k += 1024
+		}
+		if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
+			hash = s.Hash()
+		} else {
+			if hash != s.Hash() && false {
+				b.Fatalf("hash wrong, have %x want %x", s.Hash(), hash)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInsert100K(t *testing.T) {
+	var num = 100_000
+	var key = make([]byte, 8)
+	var val = make([]byte, 20)
+	s := NewStackTrie(nil)
+	var k uint64
+	for j := 0; j < num; j++ {
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key, k)
+		if err := s.Update(key, val); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		k += 1024
+	}
+	want := common.HexToHash("0xb0071bd257342925d9d8a9f002b9d2b646a35437aa8b089628ab56e428d29a1a")
+	if have := s.Hash(); have != want {
+		t.Fatalf("hash wrong, have %x want %x", have, want)
+	}
+}