core, eth, triedb: expose historic state to RPC

core/blockchain_reader.go

@@ -353,6 +353,13 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
 	return state.New(root, bc.statedb)
 }
 
+// HistoricState returns a historic state specified by the given root.
+// Live states are not available and won't be served, please use `State`
+// or `StateAt` instead.
+func (bc *BlockChain) HistoricState(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
+	return state.New(root, state.NewHistoricDatabase(bc.db, bc.triedb))
+}
+
 // Config retrieves the chain's fork configuration.
 func (bc *BlockChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig { return bc.chainConfig }
 

core/state/database_history.go

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
+)
+
+// historicReader wraps a historical state reader defined in path database,
+// providing historic state serving over the path scheme.
+type historicReader struct {
+	reader *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader
+}
+
+// newHistoricReader constructs a reader for historic state serving.
+func newHistoricReader(r *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader) *historicReader {
+	return &historicReader{reader: r}
+}
+
+// Account implements StateReader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested account is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
+func (r *historicReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	account, err := r.reader.Account(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if account == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	acct := &types.StateAccount{
+		Nonce:    account.Nonce,
+		Balance:  account.Balance,
+		CodeHash: account.CodeHash,
+		Root:     common.BytesToHash(account.Root),
+	}
+	if len(acct.CodeHash) == 0 {
+		acct.CodeHash = types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()
+	}
+	if acct.Root == (common.Hash{}) {
+		acct.Root = types.EmptyRootHash
+	}
+	return acct, nil
+}
+
+// Storage implements StateReader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested storage slot is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
+func (r *historicReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	blob, err := r.reader.Storage(addr, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	if len(blob) == 0 {
+		return common.Hash{}, nil
+	}
+	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(blob)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	var slot common.Hash
+	slot.SetBytes(content)
+	return slot, nil
+}
+
+// HistoricDB is the implementation of Database interface, with the ability to
+// access historical state.
+type HistoricDB struct {
+	disk          ethdb.KeyValueStore
+	triedb        *triedb.Database
+	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
+	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
+	pointCache    *utils.PointCache
+}
+
+// NewHistoricDatabase creates a historic state database.
+func NewHistoricDatabase(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database) *HistoricDB {
+	return &HistoricDB{
+		disk:          disk,
+		triedb:        triedb,
+		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
+		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
+		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
+	}
+}
+
+// Reader implements Database interface, returning a reader of the specific state.
+func (db *HistoricDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+	hr, err := db.triedb.HistoricReader(stateRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), newHistoricReader(hr)), nil
+}
+
+// OpenTrie opens the main account trie. It's not supported by historic database.
+func (db *HistoricDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account. It's not supported by
+// historic database.
+func (db *HistoricDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, trie Trie) (Trie, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+// PointCache returns the cache holding points used in verkle tree key computation
+func (db *HistoricDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
+	return db.pointCache
+}
+
+// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
+func (db *HistoricDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
+	return db.triedb
+}
+
+// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
+func (db *HistoricDB) Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree {
+	return nil
+}

core/state/dump.go

@@ -123,10 +123,14 @@ func (s *StateDB) DumpToCollector(c DumpCollector, conf *DumpConfig) (nextKey []
 		start            = time.Now()
 		logged           = time.Now()
 	)
-	log.Info("Trie dumping started", "root", s.trie.Hash())
+	log.Info("Trie dumping started", "root", s.originalRoot)
-	c.OnRoot(s.trie.Hash())
+	c.OnRoot(s.originalRoot)
 
-	trieIt, err := s.trie.NodeIterator(conf.Start)
+	tr, err := s.db.OpenTrie(s.originalRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	trieIt, err := tr.NodeIterator(conf.Start)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Trie dumping error", "err", err)
 		return nil
@@ -147,7 +151,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) DumpToCollector(c DumpCollector, conf *DumpConfig) (nextKey []
 			}
 			address   *common.Address
 			addr      common.Address
-			addrBytes = s.trie.GetKey(it.Key)
+			addrBytes = tr.GetKey(it.Key)
 		)
 		if addrBytes == nil {
 			missingPreimages++
@@ -165,12 +169,13 @@ func (s *StateDB) DumpToCollector(c DumpCollector, conf *DumpConfig) (nextKey []
 		}
 		if !conf.SkipStorage {
 			account.Storage = make(map[common.Hash]string)
-			tr, err := obj.getTrie()
+
+			storageTr, err := s.db.OpenStorageTrie(s.originalRoot, addr, obj.Root(), tr)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("Failed to load storage trie", "err", err)
 				continue
 			}
-			trieIt, err := tr.NodeIterator(nil)
+			trieIt, err := storageTr.NodeIterator(nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("Failed to create trie iterator", "err", err)
 				continue
@@ -182,7 +187,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) DumpToCollector(c DumpCollector, conf *DumpConfig) (nextKey []
 					log.Error("Failed to decode the value returned by iterator", "error", err)
 					continue
 				}
-				account.Storage[common.BytesToHash(s.trie.GetKey(storageIt.Key))] = common.Bytes2Hex(content)
+				account.Storage[common.BytesToHash(storageTr.GetKey(storageIt.Key))] = common.Bytes2Hex(content)
 			}
 		}
 		c.OnAccount(address, account)

core/state/iterator.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 // required in order to resolve the contract address.
 type nodeIterator struct {
 	state *StateDB // State being iterated
+	tr    Trie     // Primary account trie for traversal
 
 	stateIt trie.NodeIterator // Primary iterator for the global state trie
 	dataIt  trie.NodeIterator // Secondary iterator for the data trie of a contract
@@ -75,13 +76,20 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) step() error {
 	if it.state == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	// Initialize the iterator if we've just started
+	if it.tr == nil {
-	var err error
+		tr, err := it.state.db.OpenTrie(it.state.originalRoot)
-	if it.stateIt == nil {
-		it.stateIt, err = it.state.trie.NodeIterator(nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		it.tr = tr
+	}
+	// Initialize the iterator if we've just started
+	if it.stateIt == nil {
+		stateIt, err := it.tr.NodeIterator(nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		it.stateIt = stateIt
 	}
 	// If we had data nodes previously, we surely have at least state nodes
 	if it.dataIt != nil {
@@ -116,14 +124,14 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) step() error {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Lookup the preimage of account hash
-	preimage := it.state.trie.GetKey(it.stateIt.LeafKey())
+	preimage := it.tr.GetKey(it.stateIt.LeafKey())
 	if preimage == nil {
 		return errors.New("account address is not available")
 	}
 	address := common.BytesToAddress(preimage)
 
 	// Traverse the storage slots belong to the account
-	dataTrie, err := it.state.db.OpenStorageTrie(it.state.originalRoot, address, account.Root, it.state.trie)
+	dataTrie, err := it.state.db.OpenStorageTrie(it.state.originalRoot, address, account.Root, it.tr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

core/state/state_test.go

@@ -52,10 +52,6 @@ func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 	obj2.SetCode(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3}), []byte{3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3})
 	obj3 := s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02}))
 	obj3.SetBalance(uint256.NewInt(44))
-
-	// write some of them to the trie
-	s.state.updateStateObject(obj1)
-	s.state.updateStateObject(obj2)
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false, false)
 
 	// check that DumpToCollector contains the state objects that are in trie
@@ -114,8 +110,6 @@ func TestIterativeDump(t *testing.T) {
 	obj4.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(1337))
 
 	// write some of them to the trie
-	s.state.updateStateObject(obj1)
-	s.state.updateStateObject(obj2)
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false, false)
 	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func (m *mutation) isDelete() bool {
 type StateDB struct {
 	db         Database
 	prefetcher *triePrefetcher
-	trie       Trie
+	trie       Trie // trie is only resolved when it's accessed
 	reader     Reader
 
 	// originalRoot is the pre-state root, before any changes were made.
@@ -159,17 +159,12 @@ type StateDB struct {
 
 // New creates a new state from a given trie.
 func New(root common.Hash, db Database) (*StateDB, error) {
-	tr, err := db.OpenTrie(root)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
 	reader, err := db.Reader(root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	sdb := &StateDB{
 		db:                   db,
-		trie:                 tr,
 		originalRoot:         root,
 		reader:               reader,
 		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
@@ -654,7 +649,6 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 	reader, _ := s.db.Reader(s.originalRoot) // impossible to fail
 	state := &StateDB{
 		db:                   s.db,
-		trie:                 mustCopyTrie(s.trie),
 		reader:               reader,
 		originalRoot:         s.originalRoot,
 		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(s.stateObjects)),
@@ -678,6 +672,9 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		transientStorage: s.transientStorage.Copy(),
 		journal:          s.journal.copy(),
 	}
+	if s.trie != nil {
+		state.trie = mustCopyTrie(s.trie)
+	}
 	if s.witness != nil {
 		state.witness = s.witness.Copy()
 	}
@@ -773,6 +770,15 @@ func (s *StateDB) IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects bool) common.Hash {
 	// Finalise all the dirty storage states and write them into the tries
 	s.Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects)
 
+	// Initialize the trie if it's not constructed yet
+	if s.trie == nil {
+		tr, err := s.db.OpenTrie(s.originalRoot)
+		if err != nil {
+			s.setError(err)
+			return common.Hash{}
+		}
+		s.trie = tr
+	}
 	// If there was a trie prefetcher operating, terminate it async so that the
 	// individual storage tries can be updated as soon as the disk load finishes.
 	if s.prefetcher != nil {

core/state/statedb_test.go

@@ -171,7 +171,6 @@ func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
 		obj := orig.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{i}))
 		obj.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i)))
-		orig.updateStateObject(obj)
 	}
 	orig.Finalise(false)
 
@@ -190,10 +189,6 @@ func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		origObj.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(2 * uint64(i)))
 		copyObj.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(3 * uint64(i)))
 		ccopyObj.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(4 * uint64(i)))
-
-		orig.updateStateObject(origObj)
-		copy.updateStateObject(copyObj)
-		ccopy.updateStateObject(copyObj)
 	}
 
 	// Finalise the changes on all concurrently
@@ -238,7 +233,6 @@ func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
 		obj := orig.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{i}))
 		obj.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i)))
 		obj.data.Root = common.HexToHash("0xdeadbeef")
-		orig.updateStateObject(obj)
 	}
 	root, _ := orig.Commit(0, true, false)
 	orig, _ = New(root, db)
@@ -248,8 +242,6 @@ func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
 		obj := orig.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{i}))
 		amount := uint256.NewInt(uint64(i))
 		obj.SetBalance(new(uint256.Int).Sub(obj.Balance(), amount))
-
-		orig.updateStateObject(obj)
 	}
 	cpy := orig.Copy()
 
@@ -284,7 +276,6 @@ func TestCopyObjectState(t *testing.T) {
 		obj := orig.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{i}))
 		obj.AddBalance(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i)))
 		obj.data.Root = common.HexToHash("0xdeadbeef")
-		orig.updateStateObject(obj)
 	}
 	orig.Finalise(true)
 	cpy := orig.Copy()

core/state_processor.go

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func ApplyTransactionWithEVM(msg *Message, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB,
 
 	// Merge the tx-local access event into the "block-local" one, in order to collect
 	// all values, so that the witness can be built.
-	if statedb.GetTrie().IsVerkle() {
+	if statedb.Database().TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
 		statedb.AccessEvents().Merge(evm.AccessEvents)
 	}
 

eth/api_backend.go

@@ -205,7 +205,10 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.B
 	}
 	stateDb, err := b.eth.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Root)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		stateDb, err = b.eth.BlockChain().HistoricState(header.Root)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
 	}
 	return stateDb, header, nil
 }
@@ -227,7 +230,10 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockN
 		}
 		stateDb, err := b.eth.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Root)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			stateDb, err = b.eth.BlockChain().HistoricState(header.Root)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
 		}
 		return stateDb, header, nil
 	}

eth/state_accessor.go

@@ -182,10 +182,11 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) pathState(block *types.Block) (*state.StateDB, func(), erro
 	if err == nil {
 		return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 	}
-	// TODO historic state is not supported in path-based scheme.
+	statedb, err = eth.blockchain.HistoricState(block.Root())
-	// Fully archive node in pbss will be implemented by relying
+	if err == nil {
-	// on state history, but needs more work on top.
+		return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
-	return nil, nil, errors.New("historical state not available in path scheme yet")
+	}
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("historical state is not available")
 }
 
 // stateAtBlock retrieves the state database associated with a certain block.

triedb/database.go

@@ -129,6 +129,15 @@ func (db *Database) StateReader(blockRoot common.Hash) (database.StateReader, er
 	return db.backend.StateReader(blockRoot)
 }
 
+// HistoricReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
+func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*pathdb.HistoricalStateReader, error) {
+	pdb, ok := db.backend.(*pathdb.Database)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("not supported")
+	}
+	return pdb.HistoricReader(root)
+}
+
 // Update performs a state transition by committing dirty nodes contained in the
 // given set in order to update state from the specified parent to the specified
 // root. The held pre-images accumulated up to this point will be flushed in case

triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go

@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 				)
 				// Override the ETA if larger than the largest until now
 				eta := time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond
-				log.Info("Indexing state history", "counter", done, "left", left, "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
+				log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
 			}
 		}
 		// Check interruption signal and abort process if it's fired