core, trie: verkle state processor tests (#30672)

Tests that are crucial to for verifying the verkle testnet functions properly.

---------

Signed-off-by: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Ignacio Hagopian <jsign.uy@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin HS <martin@swende.se>

consensus/beacon/consensus.go

@@ -398,21 +398,25 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, hea
 		if parent == nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil parent header for block %d", header.Number)
 		}
-
 		preTrie, err := state.Database().OpenTrie(parent.Root)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error opening pre-state tree root: %w", err)
 		}
-
 		vktPreTrie, okpre := preTrie.(*trie.VerkleTrie)
 		vktPostTrie, okpost := state.GetTrie().(*trie.VerkleTrie)
+
+		// The witness is only attached iff both parent and current block are
+		// using verkle tree.
 		if okpre && okpost {
 			if len(keys) > 0 {
-				verkleProof, stateDiff, err := vktPreTrie.Proof(vktPostTrie, keys, vktPreTrie.FlatdbNodeResolver)
+				verkleProof, stateDiff, err := vktPreTrie.Proof(vktPostTrie, keys)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, fmt.Errorf("error generating verkle proof for block %d: %w", header.Number, err)
 				}
-				block = block.WithWitness(&types.ExecutionWitness{StateDiff: stateDiff, VerkleProof: verkleProof})
+				block = block.WithWitness(&types.ExecutionWitness{
+					StateDiff:   stateDiff,
+					VerkleProof: verkleProof,
+				})
 			}
 		}
 	}

core/state/access_events.go

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) ValueTransferGas(callerAddr, targetAddr common.Address)
 	return gas
 }
 
-// ContractCreateCPreheck charges access costs before
+// ContractCreatePreCheckGas charges access costs before
 // a contract creation is initiated. It is just reads, because the
 // address collision is done before the transfer, and so no write
 // are guaranteed to happen at this point.

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -1068,7 +1068,8 @@ func (s *StateDB) handleDestruction() (map[common.Hash]*accountDelete, []*trieno
 		deletes[addrHash] = op
 
 		// Short circuit if the origin storage was empty.
-		if prev.Root == types.EmptyRootHash {
+
+		if prev.Root == types.EmptyRootHash || s.db.TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
 			continue
 		}
 		// Remove storage slots belonging to the account.

core/state_processor_test.go

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package core
 
 import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"encoding/binary"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
@@ -30,14 +29,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
@@ -426,193 +422,3 @@ func GenerateBadBlock(parent *types.Block, engine consensus.Engine, txs types.Tr
 	}
 	return types.NewBlock(header, body, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 }
-
-var (
-	code                            = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
-	intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, true, true, true, true)
-	// A contract creation that calls EXTCODECOPY in the constructor. Used to ensure that the witness
-	// will not contain that copied data.
-	// Source: https://gist.github.com/gballet/a23db1e1cb4ed105616b5920feb75985
-	codeWithExtCodeCopy                = common.FromHex(`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`)
-	intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, true, true, true, true)
-)
-
-func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		config = &params.ChainConfig{
-			ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
-			HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
-			EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-			EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-			EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-			ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
-			ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
-			PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
-			IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
-			MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
-			BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
-			LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
-			Ethash:                  new(params.EthashConfig),
-			ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
-			VerkleTime:              u64(0),
-			TerminalTotalDifficulty: common.Big0,
-		}
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		bcdb       = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
-		coinbase   = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
-		gspec      = &Genesis{
-			Config: config,
-			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
-				coinbase: GenesisAccount{
-					Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
-					Nonce:   0,
-				},
-			},
-		}
-	)
-	// Verkle trees use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
-	// data is saved into the tree+database.
-	// genesis := gspec.MustCommit(bcdb, triedb)
-	cacheConfig := DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme("path")
-	cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
-	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(bcdb, cacheConfig, gspec, nil, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), vm.Config{}, nil)
-	defer blockchain.Stop()
-
-	txCost1 := params.TxGas
-	txCost2 := params.TxGas
-	contractCreationCost := intrinsicContractCreationGas +
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* creation with value */
-		739 /* execution costs */
-	codeWithExtCodeCopyGas := intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas +
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (tx) */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at pc=0x20) */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #0 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #1 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #2 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #3 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #4 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #5 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + /* SLOAD in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at PC=0x121) */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #0 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #1 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #2 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #3 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #4 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #5 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + /* SLOAD in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash for tx creation */
-		15*(params.WitnessChunkReadCost+params.WitnessChunkWriteCost) + /* code chunks #0..#14 */
-		4844 /* execution costs */
-	blockGasUsagesExpected := []uint64{
-		txCost1*2 + txCost2,
-		txCost1*2 + txCost2 + contractCreationCost + codeWithExtCodeCopyGas,
-	}
-	_, chain, _, proofs, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-
-		// TODO need to check that the tx cost provided is the exact amount used (no remaining left-over)
-		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3, common.Address{byte(i), 2, 3}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+1, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+2, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), txCost2, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-
-		// Add two contract creations in block #2
-		if i == 1 {
-			tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(6, big.NewInt(16), 3000000, big.NewInt(875000000), code), signer, testKey)
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-
-			tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(7, big.NewInt(0), 3000000, big.NewInt(875000000), codeWithExtCodeCopy), signer, testKey)
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		}
-	})
-
-	// Check proof for both blocks
-	err := verkle.Verify(proofs[0], gspec.ToBlock().Root().Bytes(), chain[0].Root().Bytes(), statediffs[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	err = verkle.Verify(proofs[1], chain[0].Root().Bytes(), chain[1].Root().Bytes(), statediffs[1])
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	t.Log("verified verkle proof, inserting blocks into the chain")
-
-	endnum, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("block %d imported with error: %v", endnum, err)
-	}
-
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-		b := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i) + 1)
-		if b == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected block %d to be present in chain", i+1)
-		}
-		if b.Hash() != chain[i].Hash() {
-			t.Fatalf("block #%d not found at expected height", b.NumberU64())
-		}
-		if b.GasUsed() != blockGasUsagesExpected[i] {
-			t.Fatalf("expected block #%d txs to use %d, got %d\n", b.NumberU64(), blockGasUsagesExpected[i], b.GasUsed())
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		chainConfig = params.MergedTestChainConfig
-		hashA       = common.Hash{0x01}
-		hashB       = common.Hash{0x02}
-		header      = &types.Header{ParentHash: hashA, Number: big.NewInt(2), Difficulty: big.NewInt(0)}
-		parent      = &types.Header{ParentHash: hashB, Number: big.NewInt(1), Difficulty: big.NewInt(0)}
-		coinbase    = common.Address{}
-	)
-	test := func(statedb *state.StateDB) {
-		statedb.SetNonce(params.HistoryStorageAddress, 1)
-		statedb.SetCode(params.HistoryStorageAddress, params.HistoryStorageCode)
-		statedb.IntermediateRoot(true)
-
-		vmContext := NewEVMBlockContext(header, nil, &coinbase)
-		evm := vm.NewEVM(vmContext, vm.TxContext{}, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
-		ProcessParentBlockHash(header.ParentHash, evm, statedb)
-
-		vmContext = NewEVMBlockContext(parent, nil, &coinbase)
-		evm = vm.NewEVM(vmContext, vm.TxContext{}, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
-		ProcessParentBlockHash(parent.ParentHash, evm, statedb)
-
-		// make sure that the state is correct
-		if have := getParentBlockHash(statedb, 1); have != hashA {
-			t.Errorf("want parent hash %v, have %v", hashA, have)
-		}
-		if have := getParentBlockHash(statedb, 0); have != hashB {
-			t.Errorf("want parent hash %v, have %v", hashB, have)
-		}
-	}
-	t.Run("MPT", func(t *testing.T) {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
-		test(statedb)
-	})
-	t.Run("Verkle", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		cacheConfig := DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
-		cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
-		triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
-		test(statedb)
-	})
-}
-
-func getParentBlockHash(statedb *state.StateDB, number uint64) common.Hash {
-	ringIndex := number % params.HistoryServeWindow
-	var key common.Hash
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], ringIndex)
-	return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)
-}

trie/utils/verkle.go

@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ func CodeChunkKey(address []byte, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
 	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
 }
 
-func StorageIndex(bytes []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
+func StorageIndex(storageKey []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
 	// If the storage slot is in the header, we need to add the header offset.
 	var key uint256.Int
-	key.SetBytes(bytes)
+	key.SetBytes(storageKey)
 	if key.Cmp(codeStorageDelta) < 0 {
 		// This addition is always safe; it can't ever overflow since pos<codeStorageDelta.
 		key.Add(headerStorageOffset, &key)
@@ -216,6 +216,18 @@ func StorageIndex(bytes []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
 		// and the sub-index is the LSB of the modified storage key.
 		return zero, byte(key[0] & 0xFF)
 	}
+	// If the storage slot is in the main storage, we need to add the main storage offset.
+
+	// The first MAIN_STORAGE_OFFSET group will see its
+	// first 64 slots unreachable. This is either a typo in the
+	// spec or intended to conserve the 256-u256
+	// aligment. If we decide to ever access these 64
+	// slots, uncomment this.
+	// // Get the new offset since we now know that we are above 64.
+	// pos.Sub(&pos, codeStorageDelta)
+	// suffix := byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
+	suffix := storageKey[len(storageKey)-1]
+
 	// We first divide by VerkleNodeWidth to create room to avoid an overflow next.
 	key.Rsh(&key, uint(verkleNodeWidthLog2))
 
@@ -224,7 +236,7 @@ func StorageIndex(bytes []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
 
 	// The sub-index is the LSB of the original storage key, since mainStorageOffset
 	// doesn't affect this byte, so we can avoid masks or shifts.
-	return &key, byte(key[0] & 0xFF)
+	return &key, suffix
 }
 
 // StorageSlotKey returns the verkle tree key of the storage slot for the

trie/verkle.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package trie
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -32,7 +33,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	zero               [32]byte
 	errInvalidRootType = errors.New("invalid node type for root")
 )
 
@@ -170,25 +170,35 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) UpdateStorage(address common.Address, key, value []byte) er
 	return t.root.Insert(k, v[:], t.nodeResolver)
 }
 
-// DeleteAccount implements state.Trie, deleting the specified account from the
-// trie. If the account was not existent in the trie, no error will be returned.
-// If the trie is corrupted, an error will be returned.
+// DeleteAccount leaves the account untouched, as no account deletion can happen
+// in verkle.
+// There is a special corner case, in which an account that is prefunded, CREATE2-d
+// and then SELFDESTRUCT-d should see its funds drained. EIP161 says that account
+// should be removed, but this is verboten by the verkle spec. This contains a
+// workaround in which the method checks for this corner case, and if so, overwrites
+// the balance with 0. This will be removed once the spec has been clarified.
 func (t *VerkleTrie) DeleteAccount(addr common.Address) error {
-	var (
-		err    error
-		values = make([][]byte, verkle.NodeWidth)
-	)
-	for i := 0; i < verkle.NodeWidth; i++ {
-		values[i] = zero[:]
+	k := utils.BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(t.cache.Get(addr.Bytes()))
+	values, err := t.root.(*verkle.InternalNode).GetValuesAtStem(k, t.nodeResolver)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error getting data at %x in delete: %w", k, err)
 	}
-	switch n := t.root.(type) {
-	case *verkle.InternalNode:
-		err = n.InsertValuesAtStem(t.cache.GetStem(addr.Bytes()), values, t.nodeResolver)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("DeleteAccount (%x) error: %v", addr, err)
+	var prefunded bool
+	for i, v := range values {
+		switch i {
+		case 0:
+			prefunded = len(v) == 32
+		case 1:
+			prefunded = len(v) == 32 && bytes.Equal(v, types.EmptyCodeHash[:])
+		default:
+			prefunded = v == nil
 		}
-	default:
-		return errInvalidRootType
+		if !prefunded {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if prefunded {
+		t.root.Insert(k, common.Hash{}.Bytes(), t.nodeResolver)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -302,21 +312,19 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
 // Proof builds and returns the verkle multiproof for keys, built against
 // the pre tree. The post tree is passed in order to add the post values
 // to that proof.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Proof(posttrie *VerkleTrie, keys [][]byte, resolver verkle.NodeResolverFn) (*verkle.VerkleProof, verkle.StateDiff, error) {
+func (t *VerkleTrie) Proof(posttrie *VerkleTrie, keys [][]byte) (*verkle.VerkleProof, verkle.StateDiff, error) {
 	var postroot verkle.VerkleNode
 	if posttrie != nil {
 		postroot = posttrie.root
 	}
-	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, resolver)
+	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, t.FlatdbNodeResolver)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-
 	p, kvps, err := verkle.SerializeProof(proof)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-
 	return p, kvps, nil
 }