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docs: rework mining page (#25035) 

This PR reworks mining page, including adding introduction, links and warning about impending merge.

Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
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--- ---
title: Mining title: Mining
sort_key: B sort_key: F
--- ---
This document explains how to set up geth for mining. The Ethereum wiki also has a [page
about mining](https://eth.wiki/en/fundamentals/mining), be sure to check that one as well.
Mining is the process through which new blocks are created. Geth actually creates new The Ethereum blockchain grows when nodes add blocks and distribute them to their peers. Nodes
blocks all the time, but these blocks need to be secured through proof-of-work so they that add blocks are rewarded with ether payouts. This creates competition for the right to add
will be accepted by other nodes. Mining is all about creating these proof-of-work values. blocks to the blockchain. This means some mechanism must exist to select a single block for each
position in the blockchain that all nodes can agree upon. The mechanism that currently achieves
this for Ethereum is "proof-of-work" (PoW). This involved computing a certain value that can
only be calculated using repeated random guesses. Only if a node can demonstrate that they have
calculated this value, and therefore expended energy, will their block be accepted by other nodes.
This secures the network. This process of creating blocks and securing them using proof-of-work
is known as "mining".
The proof-of-work computation can be performed in multiple ways. Geth includes a CPU Much more information about mining, including details about the specific algorithm ("Ethash") used by
miner, which does mining within the geth process. We discourage using the CPU miner with Ethereum nodes is available on
the Ethereum mainnet. If you want to mine real ether, use GPU mining. Your best option for [ethereum.org](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining).
doing that is the [ethminer](https://github.com/ethereum-mining/ethminer) software.
Always ensure your blockchain is fully synchronised with the chain before starting to
mine, otherwise you will not be mining on the correct chain and your block rewards will
not be valueable.
## GPU mining ## Mining and the Merge
The ethash algorithm is memory hard and in order to fit the DAG into memory, it needs [The Merge](https://ethereum.org/en/upgrades/merge) is an upcoming upgrade to Ethereum that
1-2GB of RAM on each GPU. If you get `Error GPU mining. GPU memory fragmentation?` you will swap the existing PoW for a [proof-of-stake (PoS)](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos) consensus mechanism. This marks the end of mining on Ethereum. Instead, nodes can [stake ether](https://ethereum.org/en/staking/solo/#get-started-on-the-staking-launchpad) directly and earn ether rewards by running [validators](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/#validators). The merge is expected to happen in the second half of 2022. Until then, Ethereum will continue to be secured by PoW miners. It is no longer recommended to purchase new hardware to participate in Ethereum mining because the chances of returning a profit before The Merge are low.
don't have enough memory.
### Installing ethminer
To get ethminer, you need to install the ethminer binary package or build it from source. ## CPU vs GPU
See <https://github.com/ethereum-mining/ethminer/#build> for the official ethminer
build/install instructions. At the time of writing, ethminer only provides a binary for
Microsoft Windows.
### Using ethminer with geth Participating in Ethereum's PoW mining requires running an algorithm called
["Ethash"](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining-algorithms/ethash). Geth includes
a CPU miner which runs Ethash within the Geth process. This might be useful for mining on some testnets. However, this is CPU mining is not viable on Ethereum Mainnet because CPU miners are easily out-competed by more efficient GPU miners. GPU mining is the recommended method for mining real ether on Ethereum Mainnet, but it is not part of the standard Geth installation. To mine using GPUs an additional piece of third-party software is required. The recommended GPU mining software is [Ethminer](https://github.com/ethereum-mining/ethminer).
First create an account to hold your block rewards. Regardless of the mining method, the blockchain must be fully synced before mining is started, otherwise the miner will build on an outdated side chain, meaning block rewards will not be recognized by the main network.
geth account new
Follow the prompts and enter a good password. **DO NOT FORGET YOUR PASSWORD**. Also take ## GPU Mining
note of the public Ethereum address which is printed at the end of the account creation
process. In the following examples, we will use 0xC95767AC46EA2A9162F0734651d6cF17e5BfcF10
as the example address.
Now start geth and wait for it to sync the blockchain. This will take quite a while. ### Installing Ethminer
geth --http --miner.etherbase 0xC95767AC46EA2A9162F0734651d6cF17e5BfcF10 The Ethminer software can be installed from a downloaded binary or built from source. The relevant downloads
and installation instructions are available from the [Ethminer Github](https://github.com/ethereum-mining/ethminer/#build). Standalone executables are available for Linux, macOS and Windows.
To monitor the syncing, in another terminal you can `attach` the geth JavaScript console to the running node like so: ### Using Ethminer with Geth
geth attach http://127.0.0.1:8545
and then at the > prompt type An account to receive block rewards must first be defined. The address of the account is all that is required to start mining - the mining rewards will be credited to that address. This can be an existing address or one that is newly created by Geth. More detailed instructions on creating and importing accounts are available on the [Account Management](/docs/interface/managing-your-accounts) page.
eth.syncing The account address can be provided to `--mining.etherbase` when Geth is started. This instructs Geth to direct any block rewards to this address. Once started, Geth will sync the blockchain. If Geth has not connected to this network before, or if the data directory has been deleted, this can take several days. Also, enable HTTP traffic with the `--http` command.
You'll see something like the example output below -- it's a two stage process as described in much more detail in our [FAQ](../FAQ). ```shell
In the first stage, the difference between the "currentBlock" and the "highestBlock" will decrease until they are almost equal. It will then look stuck and appear as never becoming equal. But you should see "pulledStates" rising to equal "knownStates." When both are equal, you are synced. geth --http --miner.etherbase 0xC95767AC46EA2A9162F0734651d6cF17e5BfcF10
```
Example output of first stage of block downloading: The progress of the blockchain syncing can be monitored by attaching a JavaScript console in another terminal. More detailed information about the console can be found on the [Javascript Console](/docs/interface/javascript-console) page. To attach and open a console:
{ ```shell
currentBlock: 10707814, geth attach http://127.0.0.1:8545
highestBlock: 13252182, ```
knownStates: 0,
pulledStates: 0, Then in the console, to check the sync progress:
startingBlock: 3809258
```shell
eth.syncing
```
If the sync is progressing correctly the output will look similar to the following:
```terminal
{
currentBlock: 13891665,
healedBytecodeBytes: 0,
healedBytecodes: 0,
healedTrienodeBytes: 0,
healedTrienodes: 0,
healingBytecode: 0,
healingTrienodes: 0,
highestBlock: 14640000,
startingBlock: 13891665,
syncedAccountBytes: 0,
syncedAccounts: 0,
syncedBytecodeBytes: 0,
syncedBytecodes: 0,
syncedStorage: 0,
syncedStorageBytes: 0
} }
```
You will import up to the `highestBlock` and `knownStates`. Block importing will stop `~64` blocks behind head and finish importing states. Once the blockchain is sync'd, mining can begin. In order to begin mining, Ethminer must be run and connected to Geth in a new terminal. OpenCL can be used for a wide range of GPUs, CUDA can be used specifically for Nvidia GPUs:
Once all `states` are downloaded, `geth` will switch into a full node and sync the remaining `~64` blocks fully, as well as new ones. In this context, `eth.syncing` returns false once synced. ```shell
#OpenCL
ethminer -v 9 -G -P http://127.0.0.1:8545
```
Now we're ready to start mining. In a new terminal session, run ethminer and connect it to geth: ```shell
#CUDA
ethminer -v -U -P http://127.0.0.1:8545
```
OpenCL Ethminer communicates with Geth on port 8545 (Geth's default RPC port) but this can be changed by providing a custom
port to the `http.port` command. The corresponding port must also be configured in Ethminer by providing
`-P http://127.0.0.1:<port-number>`. This is necessary when multiple instances of Geth/Ethminer will coexist on the same machine.
ethminer -G -P http://127.0.0.1:8545 If using OpenCL and the default for `ethminer` does not work, specifying the device using the `--opencl--device X` command is a common fix. `X` is an integer `1`, `2`, `3` etc. The Ethminer `-M` (benchmark) command should display something that looks like:
CUDA ```terminal
Benchmarking on platform: { "platform": "NVIDIA CUDA", "device": "GeForce GTX 750 Ti", "version": "OpenCL 1.1 CUDA" }
ethminer -U -P http://127.0.0.1:8545 Benchmarking on platform: { "platform": "Apple", "device": "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-1620 v2 @ 3.70GHz", "version": "OpenCL 1.2 " }
```
`ethminer` communicates with geth on port 8545 (the default RPC port in geth). You can Note that the Geth command `miner.hashrate` only works for CPU mining - it always reports zero for GPU mining. To check the GPU mining hashrate, check the logs `ethminer` displays to its terminal. More verbose logs can be configured using `-v` and a value between 0-9.
change this by giving the [`--http.port` option](../rpc/server) to `geth`. Ethminer will find
geth on any port. You also need to set the port on `ethminer` with `-P
http://127.0.0.1:3301`. Setting up custom ports is necessary if you want several instances
mining on the same computer. If you are testing on a private cluster, we recommend you use
CPU mining instead.
If the default for `ethminer` does not work try to specify the OpenCL device with: The Ethash algorithm is [memory-hard](https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/84002/memory-hard-vs-memory-bound-functions) and requires a large dataset to be loaded into memory. Each GPU requires 4-5 GB of RAM. The error message `Error GPU mining. GPU memory fragmentation?` indicates that there is insufficient memory available.
`--opencl-device X` where X is 0, 1, 2, etc. When running `ethminer` with `-M`
(benchmark), you should see something like:
Benchmarking on platform: { "platform": "NVIDIA CUDA", "device": "GeForce GTX 750 Ti", "version": "OpenCL 1.1 CUDA" }
Benchmarking on platform: { "platform": "Apple", "device": "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-1620 v2 @ 3.70GHz", "version": "OpenCL 1.2 " }
**Note** hashrate info is not available in `geth` when GPU mining. Check your hashrate
with `ethminer`, `miner.hashrate` will always report 0.
## CPU Mining with Geth ## CPU Mining with Geth
When you start up your ethereum node with `geth` it is not mining by default. To start it When Geth is started it is not mining by default. Unless it is specifically instructed to mine, it acts only as a node, not a miner. Geth starts as a (CPU) miner if the `--mine` flag is provided. The `--miner.threads` parameter can
in mining mode, you use the `--mine` command-line flag. The `--miner.threads` parameter can be used to set the number parallel mining threads (defaulting to the total number of processor cores).
be used to set the number parallel mining threads (defaulting to the total number of
processor cores).
geth --mine --miner.threads=4 ```shell
geth --mine --miner.threads=4
```
You can also start and stop CPU mining at runtime using the CPU mining can also be started and stopped at runtime using the [console](/docs/interface/javascript-console). The command `miner.start` takes an optional parameter for the number of miner threads.
[console](../interface/javascript-console). `miner.start` takes an optional parameter for
the number of miner threads.
> miner.start(8) ```js
true miner.start(8)
> miner.stop() true
true miner.stop()
true
```
Note that mining for real ether only makes sense if you are in sync with the network Note that mining for real ether only makes sense if you are in sync with the network (since you mine on top of the consensus block). Therefore the Ethereum blockchain downloader/synchroniser will delay mining until syncing is complete, and after that mining automatically starts unless you cancel your intention with `miner.stop()`.
(since you mine on top of the consensus block). Therefore the eth blockchain
downloader/synchroniser will delay mining until syncing is complete, and after that mining
automatically starts unless you cancel your intention with `miner.stop()`.
In order to earn ether you must have your **etherbase** (or **coinbase**) address set. Like with GPU mining, an etherbase account must be set. This defaults to the primary account in the keystore but can be set to an alternative address using the `--miner.etherbase` command:
This etherbase defaults to your [primary account](../interface/managing-your-accounts). If
you don't have an etherbase address, then `geth --mine` will not start up.
You can set your etherbase on the command line: ```shell
geth --miner.etherbase '0xC95767AC46EA2A9162F0734651d6cF17e5BfcF10' --mine
```
If there is no account available an account wil be created and automatically configured to be the coinbase. The Javascript console can be used to reset the etherbase account at runtime:
geth --miner.etherbase '0xC95767AC46EA2A9162F0734651d6cF17e5BfcF10' --mine 2>> geth.log ```shell
miner.setEtherbase(eth.accounts[2])
```
You can reset your etherbase on the console too: Note that your etherbase does not need to be an address of a local account, it just has to be set to an existing one.
> miner.setEtherbase(eth.accounts[2]) There is an option to add extra data (32 bytes only) to the mined blocks. By convention this is interpreted as a unicode string, so it can be used to add a short vanity tag using `miner.setExtra` in the Javascript console.
Note that your etherbase does not need to be an address of a local account, just an ```shell
existing one. miner.setExtra("ΞTHΞЯSPHΞЯΞ")
```
There is an option [to add extra data](../interface/javascript-console) (32 bytes only) to The console can also be used to check the current hashrate in units H/s (Hash operations per second):
your mined blocks. By convention this is interpreted as a unicode string, so you can set
your short vanity tag.
> miner.setExtra("ΞTHΞЯSPHΞЯΞ") ```shell
eth.hashrate
712000
```
You can check your hashrate with [miner.hashrate](../interface/javascript-console), the After some blocks have been mined, the etherbase account balance with be >0. Assuming the etherbase is a local account:
result is in H/s (Hash operations per second).
> eth.hashrate ```shell
712000 eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase).toNumber();
'34698870000000'
```
After you successfully mined some blocks, you can check the ether balance of your It is also possible to check which blocks were mined by a particular miner (address) using the following code snippet in the Javascript console:
etherbase account. Now assuming your etherbase is a local account:
> eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase).toNumber(); ```js
'34698870000000' function minedBlocks(lastn, addr) {
addrs = [];
You can check which blocks are mined by a particular miner (address) with the following if (!addr) {
code snippet on the console: addr = eth.coinbase
}
> function minedBlocks(lastn, addr) { limit = eth.blockNumber - lastn
addrs = []; for (i = eth.blockNumber; i >= limit; i--) {
if (!addr) { if (eth.getBlock(i).miner == addr) {
addr = eth.coinbase addrs.push(i)
}
limit = eth.blockNumber - lastn
for (i = eth.blockNumber; i >= limit; i--) {
if (eth.getBlock(i).miner == addr) {
addrs.push(i)
}
}
return addrs
} }
// scans the last 1000 blocks and returns the blocknumbers of blocks mined by your coinbase }
// (more precisely blocks the mining reward for which is sent to your coinbase). return addrs
> minedBlocks(1000, eth.coinbase) }
[352708, 352655, 352559]
Note that it will happen often that you find a block yet it never makes it to the // scans the last 1000 blocks and returns the blocknumbers of blocks mined by your coinbase
canonical chain. This means when you locally include your mined block, the current state // (more precisely blocks the mining reward for which is sent to your coinbase).
will show the mining reward credited to your account, however, after a while, the better minedBlocks(1000, eth.coinbase)
chain is discovered and we switch to a chain in which your block is not included and [352708, 352655, 352559]
therefore no mining reward is credited. Therefore it is quite possible that as a miner
monitoring their coinbase balance will find that it may fluctuate quite a bit.
The logs show locally mined blocks confirmed after 5 blocks. At the moment you may find it ```
easier and faster to generate the list of your mined blocks from these logs.
[eth-wiki-mining]: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Mining The etherbase balance will fluctuate because quite often a mined block may be re-org'd out
[ethminer]: https://github.com/ethereum-mining/ethminer of the canonical chain. This means that when the local Geth node includes the mined block
in its own local blockchain the account balance appears higher because the block rewards are
applied. When the node switches to another version of the chain due to information received
from peers, that block may not be included and the block rewards are not applied.
The logs show locally mined blocks confirmed after 5 blocks.
## Summary
The page describes how to start Geth as a mining node. Mining can be done on CPUs - in which case Geth's built-in
miner can be used - or on GPUs which requires third party software. GPUs are required to mine real ether on Ethereum
Mainnet. It is important to note that Ethereum will swap its consensus mechanism from PoW to PoS in the second half of 2022. This swap, known as "The Merge" will end mining on Ethereum.