[DOCS] Update the main getting started guide (#20753)

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* Edits

* Final first draft

* Update images and post

* Remove rogue comment

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* Whitespace fixes

* Say what's signed by clef

* Flip content-type header and JSON-RPC message in examples

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

docs/_getting-started/index.md

@@ -4,95 +4,183 @@ permalink: docs/getting-started
 sort_key: A
 ---
 
-To use Geth, you need to install it first. You can install the geth software in a variety
+To use Geth, you need to install it first. You can install Geth in a variety
-of ways. These include installing it via your favorite package manager; downloading a
+of ways that you can find in the "[Install and Build](install-and-build/installing-geth)" section.
-standalone pre-built binary; running as a docker container; or building it yourself.
+These include installing it via your favorite package manager, downloading a
+standalone pre-built binary, running it as a docker container or building it yourself.
 
-For this tutorial, we'll assume you are comfortable with downloading a pre-built binary.
+For this guide, we assume you have Geth installed and are ready to find out how to use it.
-Head over to the [install and build](./install-and-build/installing-geth) section and
+The guide shows you how to create accounts, sync to a network, and then send transactions
-follow the instructions for your operating system if you wish to use a different
+between accounts.
-installation method.
 
-### Downloading Geth
+This guide uses [Clef](clef/tutorial), which is our preferred tool for signing transactions with Geth,
+and will replace Geth's account management.
 
-We distribute all our stable releases and development builds as standalone binaries. These
+## Initialize Clef
-are useful for scenarios where you'd like to: a) install a specific version of our code
-(e.g., for reproducible environments); b) install on machines without internet access
-(e.g., air gapped computers); or c) do not like automatic updates and would rather
-manually install software.
 
-To download Geth, go to the [Downloads page](https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads) and
+First, initialize Clef with a random master seed, which is also encrypted with the password you define.
-select the latest stable release matching your platform.
+The password must be at least 10 characters.
-
-We create the following archives:
-
--   32bit, 64bit, ARMv5, ARMv6, ARMv7 and ARM64 archives (`.tar.gz`) on Linux
--   64bit archives (`.tar.gz`) on macOS
--   32bit and 64bit archives (`.zip`) and installers (`.exe`) on Windows
-
-For all binaries we provide two options, one containing only Geth, and another containing
-Geth along with all the developer tools from our repository (`abigen`, `bootnode`,
-`disasm`, `evm`, `rlpdump`). Read our
-[`README`](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum#executables) for more information about
-these executables.
-
-### Creating an account
-
-Before starting Geth you first need to create an account that represents a key pair. Use
-the following command to create a new account and set a password for that account:
 
 ```shell
-geth account new
+clef init
 ```
 
-_[Read this guide](./interface/managing-your-accounts) for more details on importing
+![Clef init command](../../static/images/clef-init.gif)
-existing Ethereum accounts and other uses of the `account` command._
+
+## Create accounts
+
+Create two accounts with the `clef newaccount` command,
+set a password for each of them, and note the public address for each.
+
+![Create new account command](../../static/images/clef-account-new.gif)
+
+Clef outputs a debug message about `Failed to reload keystore contents`, we fix that in a later step.
+
+## Start Geth
+
+### Networks
+
+You can connect a Geth node to several different networks using the network name as an argument.
+These include the main Ethereum network, [a private network](getting-started/private-net) you create,
+and three test networks that use different consensus algorithms:
+
+-   **Ropsten**: Proof-of-work test network
+-   **Rinkeby**: Proof-of-authority test network
+-   **Görli**: Proof-of-authority test network
+
+For this guide, we use the Görli network.
 
 ### Sync modes
 
-Running Geth starts an Ethereum node that can join any existing network, or create a new
+You can start Geth in one of three different sync modes using the `--syncmode "<mode>"`
-one. You can start Geth in one of three different sync modes using the `--syncmode "{mode}"`
 argument that determines what sort of node it is in the network.
 
 These are:
 
--   **Full**: Downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions and receipts) and
+-   **Full**: Downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions, and receipts) and
     generates the state of the blockchain incrementally by executing every block.
 -   **Fast** (Default): Downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions and
     receipts), verifies all headers, and downloads the state and verifies it against the
     headers.
 -   **Light**: Downloads all block headers, block data, and verifies some randomly.
 
-For example:
+For this tutorial, we use a `light` sync:
+
+## Start Clef
+
+Start Clef, setting the keystore and chain id (goerli is 5) for the network we want to connect to:
 
 ```shell
-geth --syncmode "light"
+clef --keystore <GETH_LOCATION>/keystore --chainid 5
 ```
 
-### Javascript Console
+To begin with, you see errors about a missing keystore, and we fix that soon.
 
-Once you have an account and Geth is running, you can interact with it by opening another
+## Start Geth
-terminal and using the following command to open a JavaScript console:
+
+The command below also enables the [Geth RPC interface](clef/tutorial)
+(which we cover below), and sets Clef as the transaction signer.
 
 ```shell
-geth attach
+geth --goerli --syncmode "light" --rpc --signer=<CLEF_LOCATION>/clef.ipc
 ```
 
-If you get the error 'unable to attach to remote geth', try connecting via HTTP as shown below:
+## Get ETH
+
+Unless you have Ether in another account on the Görli network, you can use a
+[faucet](https://goerli-faucet.slock.it/) to send ETH to one of your new account addresses to use for this guide.
+
+## Connect to Geth with IPC or RPC
+
+You can interact with Geth in two ways: Directly with the node using the JavaScript
+console over IPC, or connecting to the node remotely over HTTP using RPC.
+
+IPC allows you to do more, especially when it comes to creating and interacting
+with accounts, but you need direct access to the node.
+
+RPC allows remote applications to access your node but has limitations and security
+considerations, and by default only allows access to methods in the `eth` and `shh`
+namespaces. Find out how to override this setting [in the RPC docs](rpc/server#http-server).
+
+## Using IPC
+
+### Connect to console
+
+Connect to the IPC console on a node from another terminal window:
 
 ```shell
-geth attach http://127.0.0.1:8545
+geth attach <IPC_LOCATION>
 ```
 
-In the console you can issue any of the Geth commands, for example, to list all the
+### Check account balance
-accounts on the node, use:
 
-```js
+```javascript
-> eth.accounts
+web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance("<ADDRESS_1>"),"ether")
 ```
 
-You can also enter the console directly when you start the node with the `console` command:
+Getting the balance of an account does not require a signed transaction,
+so Clef does not ask for approval, and Geth returns the value.
+
+### Send ETH to account
+
+Send 0.01 ETH from the account that you added ETH to with the Görli faucet,
+to the second account you created:
+
+```javascript
+eth.sendTransaction({from:"<ADDRESS_0>",to:"<ADDRESS_1>", value: web3.toWei(0.01,"ether")})
+```
+
+This action does require signing the transaction, so Clef prompts you to approve it, and
+if you do, asks you for the password you are sending the ETH from. If the password is
+correct, Geth proceeds with the transaction.
+
+To check, get the account balance of the second account:
+
+```javascript
+web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance("<ADDRESS_1>"),"ether")
+```
+
+## Using RPC
+
+### Connect to RPC
+
+You can use standard HTTP requests to connect to a Geth node using the RPC APIs, for example:
 
 ```shell
-geth console --syncmode "light"
+curl -X POST http://<GETH_IP_ADDRESS>:8545 --data \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"<API_METHOD>", "params":[], "id":1}'
+```
+
+### Check account balance
+
+```shell
+curl -X POST http://<GETH_IP_ADDRESS>:8545 --data \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_getBalance", "params":["<ADDRESS_1>","latest"], "id":1}'
+```
+
+Getting the balance of an account does not require a signed transaction,
+so Clef does not ask for approval, and Geth returns the value.
+
+### Send ETH to accounts
+
+Send 0.01 ETH from the account that you added ETH to with the Görli faucet, to the second account you created:
+
+```shell
+curl -X POST http://<GETH_IP_ADDRESS>:8545 --data \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_sendTransaction", "params":[{"from": "<ADDRESS_0>","to": "<ADDRESS_1>","value": "0x9184e72a"}], "id":1}'
+```
+
+This action does require signing, so Clef prompts you to approve it, and if you do,
+asks you for the password you are sending the ETH from. If the password is correct,
+Geth proceeds with the transaction.
+
+To check, get the account balance of the second account:
+
+```shell
+curl -X POST http://<GETH_IP_ADDRESS>:8545 --data \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_getBalance", "params":["<ADDRESS_1>","latest"], "id":1}'
 ```