diff --git a/cmd/bootnode/main.go b/cmd/bootnode/main.go
index ecfc6fc24e..2e93cc04d2 100644
--- a/cmd/bootnode/main.go
+++ b/cmd/bootnode/main.go
@@ -122,7 +122,12 @@ func main() {
 			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		if _, err := discover.ListenUDP(nodeKey, conn, realaddr, nil, "", restrictList); err != nil {
+		cfg := discover.Config{
+			PrivateKey:   nodeKey,
+			AnnounceAddr: realaddr,
+			NetRestrict:  restrictList,
+		}
+		if _, err := discover.ListenUDP(conn, cfg); err != nil {
 			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/p2p/discover/node.go b/p2p/discover/node.go
index fc928a91af..3b0c84115c 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/node.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/node.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -51,9 +52,8 @@ type Node struct {
 	// with ID.
 	sha common.Hash
 
-	// whether this node is currently being pinged in order to replace
-	// it in a bucket
-	contested bool
+	// Time when the node was added to the table.
+	addedAt time.Time
 }
 
 // NewNode creates a new node. It is mostly meant to be used for
diff --git a/p2p/discover/table.go b/p2p/discover/table.go
index ec4eb94ad5..84c54dac12 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table.go
@@ -23,10 +23,11 @@
 package discover
 
 import (
-	"crypto/rand"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	mrand "math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
@@ -35,29 +36,45 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/netutil"
 )
 
 const (
-	alpha      = 3  // Kademlia concurrency factor
-	bucketSize = 16 // Kademlia bucket size
-	hashBits   = len(common.Hash{}) * 8
-	nBuckets   = hashBits + 1 // Number of buckets
+	alpha           = 3  // Kademlia concurrency factor
+	bucketSize      = 16 // Kademlia bucket size
+	maxReplacements = 10 // Size of per-bucket replacement list
 
-	maxBondingPingPongs = 16
-	maxFindnodeFailures = 5
+	// We keep buckets for the upper 1/15 of distances because
+	// it's very unlikely we'll ever encounter a node that's closer.
+	hashBits          = len(common.Hash{}) * 8
+	nBuckets          = hashBits / 15       // Number of buckets
+	bucketMinDistance = hashBits - nBuckets // Log distance of closest bucket
 
-	autoRefreshInterval = 1 * time.Hour
-	seedCount           = 30
-	seedMaxAge          = 5 * 24 * time.Hour
+	// IP address limits.
+	bucketIPLimit, bucketSubnet = 2, 24 // at most 2 addresses from the same /24
+	tableIPLimit, tableSubnet   = 10, 24
+
+	maxBondingPingPongs = 16 // Limit on the number of concurrent ping/pong interactions
+	maxFindnodeFailures = 5  // Nodes exceeding this limit are dropped
+
+	refreshInterval    = 30 * time.Minute
+	revalidateInterval = 10 * time.Second
+	copyNodesInterval  = 30 * time.Second
+	seedMinTableTime   = 5 * time.Minute
+	seedCount          = 30
+	seedMaxAge         = 5 * 24 * time.Hour
 )
 
 type Table struct {
-	mutex   sync.Mutex        // protects buckets, their content, and nursery
+	mutex   sync.Mutex        // protects buckets, bucket content, nursery, rand
 	buckets [nBuckets]*bucket // index of known nodes by distance
 	nursery []*Node           // bootstrap nodes
-	db      *nodeDB           // database of known nodes
+	rand    *mrand.Rand       // source of randomness, periodically reseeded
+	ips     netutil.DistinctNetSet
 
+	db         *nodeDB // database of known nodes
 	refreshReq chan chan struct{}
+	initDone   chan struct{}
 	closeReq   chan struct{}
 	closed     chan struct{}
 
@@ -89,9 +106,13 @@ type transport interface {
 
 // bucket contains nodes, ordered by their last activity. the entry
 // that was most recently active is the first element in entries.
-type bucket struct{ entries []*Node }
+type bucket struct {
+	entries      []*Node // live entries, sorted by time of last contact
+	replacements []*Node // recently seen nodes to be used if revalidation fails
+	ips          netutil.DistinctNetSet
+}
 
-func newTable(t transport, ourID NodeID, ourAddr *net.UDPAddr, nodeDBPath string) (*Table, error) {
+func newTable(t transport, ourID NodeID, ourAddr *net.UDPAddr, nodeDBPath string, bootnodes []*Node) (*Table, error) {
 	// If no node database was given, use an in-memory one
 	db, err := newNodeDB(nodeDBPath, Version, ourID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -104,19 +125,42 @@ func newTable(t transport, ourID NodeID, ourAddr *net.UDPAddr, nodeDBPath string
 		bonding:    make(map[NodeID]*bondproc),
 		bondslots:  make(chan struct{}, maxBondingPingPongs),
 		refreshReq: make(chan chan struct{}),
+		initDone:   make(chan struct{}),
 		closeReq:   make(chan struct{}),
 		closed:     make(chan struct{}),
+		rand:       mrand.New(mrand.NewSource(0)),
+		ips:        netutil.DistinctNetSet{Subnet: tableSubnet, Limit: tableIPLimit},
+	}
+	if err := tab.setFallbackNodes(bootnodes); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < cap(tab.bondslots); i++ {
 		tab.bondslots <- struct{}{}
 	}
 	for i := range tab.buckets {
-		tab.buckets[i] = new(bucket)
+		tab.buckets[i] = &bucket{
+			ips: netutil.DistinctNetSet{Subnet: bucketSubnet, Limit: bucketIPLimit},
+		}
 	}
-	go tab.refreshLoop()
+	tab.seedRand()
+	tab.loadSeedNodes(false)
+	// Start the background expiration goroutine after loading seeds so that the search for
+	// seed nodes also considers older nodes that would otherwise be removed by the
+	// expiration.
+	tab.db.ensureExpirer()
+	go tab.loop()
 	return tab, nil
 }
 
+func (tab *Table) seedRand() {
+	var b [8]byte
+	crand.Read(b[:])
+
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	tab.rand.Seed(int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[:])))
+	tab.mutex.Unlock()
+}
+
 // Self returns the local node.
 // The returned node should not be modified by the caller.
 func (tab *Table) Self() *Node {
@@ -127,9 +171,12 @@ func (tab *Table) Self() *Node {
 // table. It will not write the same node more than once. The nodes in
 // the slice are copies and can be modified by the caller.
 func (tab *Table) ReadRandomNodes(buf []*Node) (n int) {
+	if !tab.isInitDone() {
+		return 0
+	}
 	tab.mutex.Lock()
 	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	// TODO: tree-based buckets would help here
+
 	// Find all non-empty buckets and get a fresh slice of their entries.
 	var buckets [][]*Node
 	for _, b := range tab.buckets {
@@ -141,8 +188,8 @@ func (tab *Table) ReadRandomNodes(buf []*Node) (n int) {
 		return 0
 	}
 	// Shuffle the buckets.
-	for i := uint32(len(buckets)) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
-		j := randUint(i)
+	for i := len(buckets) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
+		j := tab.rand.Intn(len(buckets))
 		buckets[i], buckets[j] = buckets[j], buckets[i]
 	}
 	// Move head of each bucket into buf, removing buckets that become empty.
@@ -161,15 +208,6 @@ func (tab *Table) ReadRandomNodes(buf []*Node) (n int) {
 	return i + 1
 }
 
-func randUint(max uint32) uint32 {
-	if max == 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	var b [4]byte
-	rand.Read(b[:])
-	return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:]) % max
-}
-
 // Close terminates the network listener and flushes the node database.
 func (tab *Table) Close() {
 	select {
@@ -180,16 +218,15 @@ func (tab *Table) Close() {
 	}
 }
 
-// SetFallbackNodes sets the initial points of contact. These nodes
+// setFallbackNodes sets the initial points of contact. These nodes
 // are used to connect to the network if the table is empty and there
 // are no known nodes in the database.
-func (tab *Table) SetFallbackNodes(nodes []*Node) error {
+func (tab *Table) setFallbackNodes(nodes []*Node) error {
 	for _, n := range nodes {
 		if err := n.validateComplete(); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("bad bootstrap/fallback node %q (%v)", n, err)
 		}
 	}
-	tab.mutex.Lock()
 	tab.nursery = make([]*Node, 0, len(nodes))
 	for _, n := range nodes {
 		cpy := *n
@@ -198,11 +235,19 @@ func (tab *Table) SetFallbackNodes(nodes []*Node) error {
 		cpy.sha = crypto.Keccak256Hash(n.ID[:])
 		tab.nursery = append(tab.nursery, &cpy)
 	}
-	tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	tab.refresh()
 	return nil
 }
 
+// isInitDone returns whether the table's initial seeding procedure has completed.
+func (tab *Table) isInitDone() bool {
+	select {
+	case <-tab.initDone:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // Resolve searches for a specific node with the given ID.
 // It returns nil if the node could not be found.
 func (tab *Table) Resolve(targetID NodeID) *Node {
@@ -314,33 +359,49 @@ func (tab *Table) refresh() <-chan struct{} {
 	return done
 }
 
-// refreshLoop schedules doRefresh runs and coordinates shutdown.
-func (tab *Table) refreshLoop() {
+// loop schedules refresh, revalidate runs and coordinates shutdown.
+func (tab *Table) loop() {
 	var (
-		timer   = time.NewTicker(autoRefreshInterval)
-		waiting []chan struct{} // accumulates waiting callers while doRefresh runs
-		done    chan struct{}   // where doRefresh reports completion
+		revalidate     = time.NewTimer(tab.nextRevalidateTime())
+		refresh        = time.NewTicker(refreshInterval)
+		copyNodes      = time.NewTicker(copyNodesInterval)
+		revalidateDone = make(chan struct{})
+		refreshDone    = make(chan struct{})           // where doRefresh reports completion
+		waiting        = []chan struct{}{tab.initDone} // holds waiting callers while doRefresh runs
 	)
+	defer refresh.Stop()
+	defer revalidate.Stop()
+	defer copyNodes.Stop()
+
+	// Start initial refresh.
+	go tab.doRefresh(refreshDone)
+
 loop:
 	for {
 		select {
-		case <-timer.C:
-			if done == nil {
-				done = make(chan struct{})
-				go tab.doRefresh(done)
+		case <-refresh.C:
+			tab.seedRand()
+			if refreshDone == nil {
+				refreshDone = make(chan struct{})
+				go tab.doRefresh(refreshDone)
 			}
 		case req := <-tab.refreshReq:
 			waiting = append(waiting, req)
-			if done == nil {
-				done = make(chan struct{})
-				go tab.doRefresh(done)
+			if refreshDone == nil {
+				refreshDone = make(chan struct{})
+				go tab.doRefresh(refreshDone)
 			}
-		case <-done:
+		case <-refreshDone:
 			for _, ch := range waiting {
 				close(ch)
 			}
-			waiting = nil
-			done = nil
+			waiting, refreshDone = nil, nil
+		case <-revalidate.C:
+			go tab.doRevalidate(revalidateDone)
+		case <-revalidateDone:
+			revalidate.Reset(tab.nextRevalidateTime())
+		case <-copyNodes.C:
+			go tab.copyBondedNodes()
 		case <-tab.closeReq:
 			break loop
 		}
@@ -349,8 +410,8 @@ loop:
 	if tab.net != nil {
 		tab.net.close()
 	}
-	if done != nil {
-		<-done
+	if refreshDone != nil {
+		<-refreshDone
 	}
 	for _, ch := range waiting {
 		close(ch)
@@ -365,38 +426,109 @@ loop:
 func (tab *Table) doRefresh(done chan struct{}) {
 	defer close(done)
 
+	// Load nodes from the database and insert
+	// them. This should yield a few previously seen nodes that are
+	// (hopefully) still alive.
+	tab.loadSeedNodes(true)
+
+	// Run self lookup to discover new neighbor nodes.
+	tab.lookup(tab.self.ID, false)
+
 	// The Kademlia paper specifies that the bucket refresh should
 	// perform a lookup in the least recently used bucket. We cannot
 	// adhere to this because the findnode target is a 512bit value
 	// (not hash-sized) and it is not easily possible to generate a
 	// sha3 preimage that falls into a chosen bucket.
-	// We perform a lookup with a random target instead.
-	var target NodeID
-	rand.Read(target[:])
-	result := tab.lookup(target, false)
-	if len(result) > 0 {
+	// We perform a few lookups with a random target instead.
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		var target NodeID
+		crand.Read(target[:])
+		tab.lookup(target, false)
+	}
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) loadSeedNodes(bond bool) {
+	seeds := tab.db.querySeeds(seedCount, seedMaxAge)
+	seeds = append(seeds, tab.nursery...)
+	if bond {
+		seeds = tab.bondall(seeds)
+	}
+	for i := range seeds {
+		seed := seeds[i]
+		age := log.Lazy{Fn: func() interface{} { return time.Since(tab.db.lastPong(seed.ID)) }}
+		log.Debug("Found seed node in database", "id", seed.ID, "addr", seed.addr(), "age", age)
+		tab.add(seed)
+	}
+}
+
+// doRevalidate checks that the last node in a random bucket is still live
+// and replaces or deletes the node if it isn't.
+func (tab *Table) doRevalidate(done chan<- struct{}) {
+	defer func() { done <- struct{}{} }()
+
+	last, bi := tab.nodeToRevalidate()
+	if last == nil {
+		// No non-empty bucket found.
 		return
 	}
 
-	// The table is empty. Load nodes from the database and insert
-	// them. This should yield a few previously seen nodes that are
-	// (hopefully) still alive.
-	seeds := tab.db.querySeeds(seedCount, seedMaxAge)
-	seeds = tab.bondall(append(seeds, tab.nursery...))
+	// Ping the selected node and wait for a pong.
+	err := tab.ping(last.ID, last.addr())
 
-	if len(seeds) == 0 {
-		log.Debug("No discv4 seed nodes found")
-	}
-	for _, n := range seeds {
-		age := log.Lazy{Fn: func() time.Duration { return time.Since(tab.db.lastPong(n.ID)) }}
-		log.Trace("Found seed node in database", "id", n.ID, "addr", n.addr(), "age", age)
-	}
 	tab.mutex.Lock()
-	tab.stuff(seeds)
-	tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	b := tab.buckets[bi]
+	if err == nil {
+		// The node responded, move it to the front.
+		log.Debug("Revalidated node", "b", bi, "id", last.ID)
+		b.bump(last)
+		return
+	}
+	// No reply received, pick a replacement or delete the node if there aren't
+	// any replacements.
+	if r := tab.replace(b, last); r != nil {
+		log.Debug("Replaced dead node", "b", bi, "id", last.ID, "ip", last.IP, "r", r.ID, "rip", r.IP)
+	} else {
+		log.Debug("Removed dead node", "b", bi, "id", last.ID, "ip", last.IP)
+	}
+}
 
-	// Finally, do a self lookup to fill up the buckets.
-	tab.lookup(tab.self.ID, false)
+// nodeToRevalidate returns the last node in a random, non-empty bucket.
+func (tab *Table) nodeToRevalidate() (n *Node, bi int) {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	for _, bi = range tab.rand.Perm(len(tab.buckets)) {
+		b := tab.buckets[bi]
+		if len(b.entries) > 0 {
+			last := b.entries[len(b.entries)-1]
+			return last, bi
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, 0
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) nextRevalidateTime() time.Duration {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	return time.Duration(tab.rand.Int63n(int64(revalidateInterval)))
+}
+
+// copyBondedNodes adds nodes from the table to the database if they have been in the table
+// longer then minTableTime.
+func (tab *Table) copyBondedNodes() {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	for _, b := range tab.buckets {
+		for _, n := range b.entries {
+			if now.Sub(n.addedAt) >= seedMinTableTime {
+				tab.db.updateNode(n)
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // closest returns the n nodes in the table that are closest to the
@@ -459,15 +591,14 @@ func (tab *Table) bond(pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16
 	if id == tab.self.ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("is self")
 	}
-	// Retrieve a previously known node and any recent findnode failures
-	node, fails := tab.db.node(id), 0
-	if node != nil {
-		fails = tab.db.findFails(id)
+	if pinged && !tab.isInitDone() {
+		return nil, errors.New("still initializing")
 	}
-	// If the node is unknown (non-bonded) or failed (remotely unknown), bond from scratch
-	var result error
+	// Start bonding if we haven't seen this node for a while or if it failed findnode too often.
+	node, fails := tab.db.node(id), tab.db.findFails(id)
 	age := time.Since(tab.db.lastPong(id))
-	if node == nil || fails > 0 || age > nodeDBNodeExpiration {
+	var result error
+	if fails > 0 || age > nodeDBNodeExpiration {
 		log.Trace("Starting bonding ping/pong", "id", id, "known", node != nil, "failcount", fails, "age", age)
 
 		tab.bondmu.Lock()
@@ -494,10 +625,10 @@ func (tab *Table) bond(pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16
 			node = w.n
 		}
 	}
+	// Add the node to the table even if the bonding ping/pong
+	// fails. It will be relaced quickly if it continues to be
+	// unresponsive.
 	if node != nil {
-		// Add the node to the table even if the bonding ping/pong
-		// fails. It will be relaced quickly if it continues to be
-		// unresponsive.
 		tab.add(node)
 		tab.db.updateFindFails(id, 0)
 	}
@@ -522,7 +653,6 @@ func (tab *Table) pingpong(w *bondproc, pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAdd
 	}
 	// Bonding succeeded, update the node database.
 	w.n = NewNode(id, addr.IP, uint16(addr.Port), tcpPort)
-	tab.db.updateNode(w.n)
 	close(w.done)
 }
 
@@ -534,16 +664,18 @@ func (tab *Table) ping(id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	tab.db.updateLastPong(id, time.Now())
-
-	// Start the background expiration goroutine after the first
-	// successful communication. Subsequent calls have no effect if it
-	// is already running. We do this here instead of somewhere else
-	// so that the search for seed nodes also considers older nodes
-	// that would otherwise be removed by the expiration.
-	tab.db.ensureExpirer()
 	return nil
 }
 
+// bucket returns the bucket for the given node ID hash.
+func (tab *Table) bucket(sha common.Hash) *bucket {
+	d := logdist(tab.self.sha, sha)
+	if d <= bucketMinDistance {
+		return tab.buckets[0]
+	}
+	return tab.buckets[d-bucketMinDistance-1]
+}
+
 // add attempts to add the given node its corresponding bucket. If the
 // bucket has space available, adding the node succeeds immediately.
 // Otherwise, the node is added if the least recently active node in
@@ -551,57 +683,29 @@ func (tab *Table) ping(id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr) error {
 //
 // The caller must not hold tab.mutex.
 func (tab *Table) add(new *Node) {
-	b := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.sha, new.sha)]
 	tab.mutex.Lock()
 	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	if b.bump(new) {
-		return
-	}
-	var oldest *Node
-	if len(b.entries) == bucketSize {
-		oldest = b.entries[bucketSize-1]
-		if oldest.contested {
-			// The node is already being replaced, don't attempt
-			// to replace it.
-			return
-		}
-		oldest.contested = true
-		// Let go of the mutex so other goroutines can access
-		// the table while we ping the least recently active node.
-		tab.mutex.Unlock()
-		err := tab.ping(oldest.ID, oldest.addr())
-		tab.mutex.Lock()
-		oldest.contested = false
-		if err == nil {
-			// The node responded, don't replace it.
-			return
-		}
-	}
-	added := b.replace(new, oldest)
-	if added && tab.nodeAddedHook != nil {
-		tab.nodeAddedHook(new)
+
+	b := tab.bucket(new.sha)
+	if !tab.bumpOrAdd(b, new) {
+		// Node is not in table. Add it to the replacement list.
+		tab.addReplacement(b, new)
 	}
 }
 
 // stuff adds nodes the table to the end of their corresponding bucket
-// if the bucket is not full. The caller must hold tab.mutex.
+// if the bucket is not full. The caller must not hold tab.mutex.
 func (tab *Table) stuff(nodes []*Node) {
-outer:
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
 	for _, n := range nodes {
 		if n.ID == tab.self.ID {
 			continue // don't add self
 		}
-		bucket := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.sha, n.sha)]
-		for i := range bucket.entries {
-			if bucket.entries[i].ID == n.ID {
-				continue outer // already in bucket
-			}
-		}
-		if len(bucket.entries) < bucketSize {
-			bucket.entries = append(bucket.entries, n)
-			if tab.nodeAddedHook != nil {
-				tab.nodeAddedHook(n)
-			}
+		b := tab.bucket(n.sha)
+		if len(b.entries) < bucketSize {
+			tab.bumpOrAdd(b, n)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -611,36 +715,72 @@ outer:
 func (tab *Table) delete(node *Node) {
 	tab.mutex.Lock()
 	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	bucket := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.sha, node.sha)]
-	for i := range bucket.entries {
-		if bucket.entries[i].ID == node.ID {
-			bucket.entries = append(bucket.entries[:i], bucket.entries[i+1:]...)
-			return
-		}
-	}
+
+	tab.deleteInBucket(tab.bucket(node.sha), node)
 }
 
-func (b *bucket) replace(n *Node, last *Node) bool {
-	// Don't add if b already contains n.
-	for i := range b.entries {
-		if b.entries[i].ID == n.ID {
-			return false
-		}
+func (tab *Table) addIP(b *bucket, ip net.IP) bool {
+	if netutil.IsLAN(ip) {
+		return true
 	}
-	// Replace last if it is still the last entry or just add n if b
-	// isn't full. If is no longer the last entry, it has either been
-	// replaced with someone else or became active.
-	if len(b.entries) == bucketSize && (last == nil || b.entries[bucketSize-1].ID != last.ID) {
+	if !tab.ips.Add(ip) {
+		log.Debug("IP exceeds table limit", "ip", ip)
 		return false
 	}
-	if len(b.entries) < bucketSize {
-		b.entries = append(b.entries, nil)
+	if !b.ips.Add(ip) {
+		log.Debug("IP exceeds bucket limit", "ip", ip)
+		tab.ips.Remove(ip)
+		return false
 	}
-	copy(b.entries[1:], b.entries)
-	b.entries[0] = n
 	return true
 }
 
+func (tab *Table) removeIP(b *bucket, ip net.IP) {
+	if netutil.IsLAN(ip) {
+		return
+	}
+	tab.ips.Remove(ip)
+	b.ips.Remove(ip)
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) addReplacement(b *bucket, n *Node) {
+	for _, e := range b.replacements {
+		if e.ID == n.ID {
+			return // already in list
+		}
+	}
+	if !tab.addIP(b, n.IP) {
+		return
+	}
+	var removed *Node
+	b.replacements, removed = pushNode(b.replacements, n, maxReplacements)
+	if removed != nil {
+		tab.removeIP(b, removed.IP)
+	}
+}
+
+// replace removes n from the replacement list and replaces 'last' with it if it is the
+// last entry in the bucket. If 'last' isn't the last entry, it has either been replaced
+// with someone else or became active.
+func (tab *Table) replace(b *bucket, last *Node) *Node {
+	if len(b.entries) >= 0 && b.entries[len(b.entries)-1].ID != last.ID {
+		// Entry has moved, don't replace it.
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Still the last entry.
+	if len(b.replacements) == 0 {
+		tab.deleteInBucket(b, last)
+		return nil
+	}
+	r := b.replacements[tab.rand.Intn(len(b.replacements))]
+	b.replacements = deleteNode(b.replacements, r)
+	b.entries[len(b.entries)-1] = r
+	tab.removeIP(b, last.IP)
+	return r
+}
+
+// bump moves the given node to the front of the bucket entry list
+// if it is contained in that list.
 func (b *bucket) bump(n *Node) bool {
 	for i := range b.entries {
 		if b.entries[i].ID == n.ID {
@@ -653,6 +793,50 @@ func (b *bucket) bump(n *Node) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// bumpOrAdd moves n to the front of the bucket entry list or adds it if the list isn't
+// full. The return value is true if n is in the bucket.
+func (tab *Table) bumpOrAdd(b *bucket, n *Node) bool {
+	if b.bump(n) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if len(b.entries) >= bucketSize || !tab.addIP(b, n.IP) {
+		return false
+	}
+	b.entries, _ = pushNode(b.entries, n, bucketSize)
+	b.replacements = deleteNode(b.replacements, n)
+	n.addedAt = time.Now()
+	if tab.nodeAddedHook != nil {
+		tab.nodeAddedHook(n)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) deleteInBucket(b *bucket, n *Node) {
+	b.entries = deleteNode(b.entries, n)
+	tab.removeIP(b, n.IP)
+}
+
+// pushNode adds n to the front of list, keeping at most max items.
+func pushNode(list []*Node, n *Node, max int) ([]*Node, *Node) {
+	if len(list) < max {
+		list = append(list, nil)
+	}
+	removed := list[len(list)-1]
+	copy(list[1:], list)
+	list[0] = n
+	return list, removed
+}
+
+// deleteNode removes n from list.
+func deleteNode(list []*Node, n *Node) []*Node {
+	for i := range list {
+		if list[i].ID == n.ID {
+			return append(list[:i], list[i+1:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	return list
+}
+
 // nodesByDistance is a list of nodes, ordered by
 // distance to target.
 type nodesByDistance struct {
diff --git a/p2p/discover/table_test.go b/p2p/discover/table_test.go
index 1037cc6099..3ce48d2995 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table_test.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
 
 	"net"
 	"reflect"
@@ -32,60 +33,65 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestTable_pingReplace(t *testing.T) {
-	doit := func(newNodeIsResponding, lastInBucketIsResponding bool) {
-		transport := newPingRecorder()
-		tab, _ := newTable(transport, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{}, "")
-		defer tab.Close()
-		pingSender := NewNode(MustHexID("a502af0f59b2aab7746995408c79e9ca312d2793cc997e44fc55eda62f0150bbb8c59a6f9269ba3a081518b62699ee807c7c19c20125ddfccca872608af9e370"), net.IP{}, 99, 99)
-
-		// fill up the sender's bucket.
-		last := fillBucket(tab, 253)
-
-		// this call to bond should replace the last node
-		// in its bucket if the node is not responding.
-		transport.responding[last.ID] = lastInBucketIsResponding
-		transport.responding[pingSender.ID] = newNodeIsResponding
-		tab.bond(true, pingSender.ID, &net.UDPAddr{}, 0)
-
-		// first ping goes to sender (bonding pingback)
-		if !transport.pinged[pingSender.ID] {
-			t.Error("table did not ping back sender")
-		}
-		if newNodeIsResponding {
-			// second ping goes to oldest node in bucket
-			// to see whether it is still alive.
-			if !transport.pinged[last.ID] {
-				t.Error("table did not ping last node in bucket")
-			}
-		}
-
-		tab.mutex.Lock()
-		defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
-		if l := len(tab.buckets[253].entries); l != bucketSize {
-			t.Errorf("wrong bucket size after bond: got %d, want %d", l, bucketSize)
-		}
-
-		if lastInBucketIsResponding || !newNodeIsResponding {
-			if !contains(tab.buckets[253].entries, last.ID) {
-				t.Error("last entry was removed")
-			}
-			if contains(tab.buckets[253].entries, pingSender.ID) {
-				t.Error("new entry was added")
-			}
-		} else {
-			if contains(tab.buckets[253].entries, last.ID) {
-				t.Error("last entry was not removed")
-			}
-			if !contains(tab.buckets[253].entries, pingSender.ID) {
-				t.Error("new entry was not added")
-			}
-		}
+	run := func(newNodeResponding, lastInBucketResponding bool) {
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("newNodeResponding=%t/lastInBucketResponding=%t", newNodeResponding, lastInBucketResponding)
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			testPingReplace(t, newNodeResponding, lastInBucketResponding)
+		})
 	}
 
-	doit(true, true)
-	doit(false, true)
-	doit(true, false)
-	doit(false, false)
+	run(true, true)
+	run(false, true)
+	run(true, false)
+	run(false, false)
+}
+
+func testPingReplace(t *testing.T, newNodeIsResponding, lastInBucketIsResponding bool) {
+	transport := newPingRecorder()
+	tab, _ := newTable(transport, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{}, "", nil)
+	defer tab.Close()
+
+	// Wait for init so bond is accepted.
+	<-tab.initDone
+
+	// fill up the sender's bucket.
+	pingSender := NewNode(MustHexID("a502af0f59b2aab7746995408c79e9ca312d2793cc997e44fc55eda62f0150bbb8c59a6f9269ba3a081518b62699ee807c7c19c20125ddfccca872608af9e370"), net.IP{}, 99, 99)
+	last := fillBucket(tab, pingSender)
+
+	// this call to bond should replace the last node
+	// in its bucket if the node is not responding.
+	transport.dead[last.ID] = !lastInBucketIsResponding
+	transport.dead[pingSender.ID] = !newNodeIsResponding
+	tab.bond(true, pingSender.ID, &net.UDPAddr{}, 0)
+	tab.doRevalidate(make(chan struct{}, 1))
+
+	// first ping goes to sender (bonding pingback)
+	if !transport.pinged[pingSender.ID] {
+		t.Error("table did not ping back sender")
+	}
+	if !transport.pinged[last.ID] {
+		// second ping goes to oldest node in bucket
+		// to see whether it is still alive.
+		t.Error("table did not ping last node in bucket")
+	}
+
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	wantSize := bucketSize
+	if !lastInBucketIsResponding && !newNodeIsResponding {
+		wantSize--
+	}
+	if l := len(tab.bucket(pingSender.sha).entries); l != wantSize {
+		t.Errorf("wrong bucket size after bond: got %d, want %d", l, wantSize)
+	}
+	if found := contains(tab.bucket(pingSender.sha).entries, last.ID); found != lastInBucketIsResponding {
+		t.Errorf("last entry found: %t, want: %t", found, lastInBucketIsResponding)
+	}
+	wantNewEntry := newNodeIsResponding && !lastInBucketIsResponding
+	if found := contains(tab.bucket(pingSender.sha).entries, pingSender.ID); found != wantNewEntry {
+		t.Errorf("new entry found: %t, want: %t", found, wantNewEntry)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestBucket_bumpNoDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
@@ -130,11 +136,45 @@ func TestBucket_bumpNoDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// This checks that the table-wide IP limit is applied correctly.
+func TestTable_IPLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	transport := newPingRecorder()
+	tab, _ := newTable(transport, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{}, "", nil)
+	defer tab.Close()
+
+	for i := 0; i < tableIPLimit+1; i++ {
+		n := nodeAtDistance(tab.self.sha, i)
+		n.IP = net.IP{172, 0, 1, byte(i)}
+		tab.add(n)
+	}
+	if tab.len() > tableIPLimit {
+		t.Errorf("too many nodes in table")
+	}
+}
+
+// This checks that the table-wide IP limit is applied correctly.
+func TestTable_BucketIPLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	transport := newPingRecorder()
+	tab, _ := newTable(transport, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{}, "", nil)
+	defer tab.Close()
+
+	d := 3
+	for i := 0; i < bucketIPLimit+1; i++ {
+		n := nodeAtDistance(tab.self.sha, d)
+		n.IP = net.IP{172, 0, 1, byte(i)}
+		tab.add(n)
+	}
+	if tab.len() > bucketIPLimit {
+		t.Errorf("too many nodes in table")
+	}
+}
+
 // fillBucket inserts nodes into the given bucket until
 // it is full. The node's IDs dont correspond to their
 // hashes.
-func fillBucket(tab *Table, ld int) (last *Node) {
-	b := tab.buckets[ld]
+func fillBucket(tab *Table, n *Node) (last *Node) {
+	ld := logdist(tab.self.sha, n.sha)
+	b := tab.bucket(n.sha)
 	for len(b.entries) < bucketSize {
 		b.entries = append(b.entries, nodeAtDistance(tab.self.sha, ld))
 	}
@@ -146,30 +186,39 @@ func fillBucket(tab *Table, ld int) (last *Node) {
 func nodeAtDistance(base common.Hash, ld int) (n *Node) {
 	n = new(Node)
 	n.sha = hashAtDistance(base, ld)
-	n.IP = net.IP{10, 0, 2, byte(ld)}
+	n.IP = net.IP{byte(ld), 0, 2, byte(ld)}
 	copy(n.ID[:], n.sha[:]) // ensure the node still has a unique ID
 	return n
 }
 
-type pingRecorder struct{ responding, pinged map[NodeID]bool }
+type pingRecorder struct {
+	mu           sync.Mutex
+	dead, pinged map[NodeID]bool
+}
 
 func newPingRecorder() *pingRecorder {
-	return &pingRecorder{make(map[NodeID]bool), make(map[NodeID]bool)}
+	return &pingRecorder{
+		dead:   make(map[NodeID]bool),
+		pinged: make(map[NodeID]bool),
+	}
 }
 
 func (t *pingRecorder) findnode(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
-	panic("findnode called on pingRecorder")
+	return nil, nil
 }
 func (t *pingRecorder) close() {}
 func (t *pingRecorder) waitping(from NodeID) error {
 	return nil // remote always pings
 }
 func (t *pingRecorder) ping(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) error {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	defer t.mu.Unlock()
+
 	t.pinged[toid] = true
-	if t.responding[toid] {
-		return nil
-	} else {
+	if t.dead[toid] {
 		return errTimeout
+	} else {
+		return nil
 	}
 }
 
@@ -178,7 +227,8 @@ func TestTable_closest(t *testing.T) {
 
 	test := func(test *closeTest) bool {
 		// for any node table, Target and N
-		tab, _ := newTable(nil, test.Self, &net.UDPAddr{}, "")
+		transport := newPingRecorder()
+		tab, _ := newTable(transport, test.Self, &net.UDPAddr{}, "", nil)
 		defer tab.Close()
 		tab.stuff(test.All)
 
@@ -237,8 +287,11 @@ func TestTable_ReadRandomNodesGetAll(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	test := func(buf []*Node) bool {
-		tab, _ := newTable(nil, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{}, "")
+		transport := newPingRecorder()
+		tab, _ := newTable(transport, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{}, "", nil)
 		defer tab.Close()
+		<-tab.initDone
+
 		for i := 0; i < len(buf); i++ {
 			ld := cfg.Rand.Intn(len(tab.buckets))
 			tab.stuff([]*Node{nodeAtDistance(tab.self.sha, ld)})
@@ -280,7 +333,7 @@ func (*closeTest) Generate(rand *rand.Rand, size int) reflect.Value {
 
 func TestTable_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	self := nodeAtDistance(common.Hash{}, 0)
-	tab, _ := newTable(lookupTestnet, self.ID, &net.UDPAddr{}, "")
+	tab, _ := newTable(lookupTestnet, self.ID, &net.UDPAddr{}, "", nil)
 	defer tab.Close()
 
 	// lookup on empty table returns no nodes
diff --git a/p2p/discover/udp.go b/p2p/discover/udp.go
index 60436952d8..e40de2c36f 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/udp.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/udp.go
@@ -216,9 +216,22 @@ type ReadPacket struct {
 	Addr *net.UDPAddr
 }
 
+// Config holds Table-related settings.
+type Config struct {
+	// These settings are required and configure the UDP listener:
+	PrivateKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+
+	// These settings are optional:
+	AnnounceAddr *net.UDPAddr      // local address announced in the DHT
+	NodeDBPath   string            // if set, the node database is stored at this filesystem location
+	NetRestrict  *netutil.Netlist  // network whitelist
+	Bootnodes    []*Node           // list of bootstrap nodes
+	Unhandled    chan<- ReadPacket // unhandled packets are sent on this channel
+}
+
 // ListenUDP returns a new table that listens for UDP packets on laddr.
-func ListenUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, conn conn, realaddr *net.UDPAddr, unhandled chan ReadPacket, nodeDBPath string, netrestrict *netutil.Netlist) (*Table, error) {
-	tab, _, err := newUDP(priv, conn, realaddr, unhandled, nodeDBPath, netrestrict)
+func ListenUDP(c conn, cfg Config) (*Table, error) {
+	tab, _, err := newUDP(c, cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -226,25 +239,29 @@ func ListenUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, conn conn, realaddr *net.UDPAddr, unhandl
 	return tab, nil
 }
 
-func newUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, c conn, realaddr *net.UDPAddr, unhandled chan ReadPacket, nodeDBPath string, netrestrict *netutil.Netlist) (*Table, *udp, error) {
+func newUDP(c conn, cfg Config) (*Table, *udp, error) {
 	udp := &udp{
 		conn:        c,
-		priv:        priv,
-		netrestrict: netrestrict,
+		priv:        cfg.PrivateKey,
+		netrestrict: cfg.NetRestrict,
 		closing:     make(chan struct{}),
 		gotreply:    make(chan reply),
 		addpending:  make(chan *pending),
 	}
+	realaddr := c.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
+	if cfg.AnnounceAddr != nil {
+		realaddr = cfg.AnnounceAddr
+	}
 	// TODO: separate TCP port
 	udp.ourEndpoint = makeEndpoint(realaddr, uint16(realaddr.Port))
-	tab, err := newTable(udp, PubkeyID(&priv.PublicKey), realaddr, nodeDBPath)
+	tab, err := newTable(udp, PubkeyID(&cfg.PrivateKey.PublicKey), realaddr, cfg.NodeDBPath, cfg.Bootnodes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	udp.Table = tab
 
 	go udp.loop()
-	go udp.readLoop(unhandled)
+	go udp.readLoop(cfg.Unhandled)
 	return udp.Table, udp, nil
 }
 
@@ -256,14 +273,20 @@ func (t *udp) close() {
 
 // ping sends a ping message to the given node and waits for a reply.
 func (t *udp) ping(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) error {
-	// TODO: maybe check for ReplyTo field in callback to measure RTT
-	errc := t.pending(toid, pongPacket, func(interface{}) bool { return true })
-	t.send(toaddr, pingPacket, &ping{
+	req := &ping{
 		Version:    Version,
 		From:       t.ourEndpoint,
 		To:         makeEndpoint(toaddr, 0), // TODO: maybe use known TCP port from DB
 		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
+	}
+	packet, hash, err := encodePacket(t.priv, pingPacket, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	errc := t.pending(toid, pongPacket, func(p interface{}) bool {
+		return bytes.Equal(p.(*pong).ReplyTok, hash)
 	})
+	t.write(toaddr, req.name(), packet)
 	return <-errc
 }
 
@@ -447,40 +470,45 @@ func init() {
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *udp) send(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, ptype byte, req packet) error {
-	packet, err := encodePacket(t.priv, ptype, req)
+func (t *udp) send(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, ptype byte, req packet) ([]byte, error) {
+	packet, hash, err := encodePacket(t.priv, ptype, req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return hash, err
 	}
-	_, err = t.conn.WriteToUDP(packet, toaddr)
-	log.Trace(">> "+req.name(), "addr", toaddr, "err", err)
+	return hash, t.write(toaddr, req.name(), packet)
+}
+
+func (t *udp) write(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, what string, packet []byte) error {
+	_, err := t.conn.WriteToUDP(packet, toaddr)
+	log.Trace(">> "+what, "addr", toaddr, "err", err)
 	return err
 }
 
-func encodePacket(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, ptype byte, req interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+func encodePacket(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, ptype byte, req interface{}) (packet, hash []byte, err error) {
 	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	b.Write(headSpace)
 	b.WriteByte(ptype)
 	if err := rlp.Encode(b, req); err != nil {
 		log.Error("Can't encode discv4 packet", "err", err)
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	packet := b.Bytes()
+	packet = b.Bytes()
 	sig, err := crypto.Sign(crypto.Keccak256(packet[headSize:]), priv)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Can't sign discv4 packet", "err", err)
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	copy(packet[macSize:], sig)
 	// add the hash to the front. Note: this doesn't protect the
 	// packet in any way. Our public key will be part of this hash in
 	// The future.
-	copy(packet, crypto.Keccak256(packet[macSize:]))
-	return packet, nil
+	hash = crypto.Keccak256(packet[macSize:])
+	copy(packet, hash)
+	return packet, hash, nil
 }
 
 // readLoop runs in its own goroutine. it handles incoming UDP packets.
-func (t *udp) readLoop(unhandled chan ReadPacket) {
+func (t *udp) readLoop(unhandled chan<- ReadPacket) {
 	defer t.conn.Close()
 	if unhandled != nil {
 		defer close(unhandled)
@@ -601,18 +629,22 @@ func (req *findnode) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte
 	t.mutex.Unlock()
 
 	p := neighbors{Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix())}
+	var sent bool
 	// Send neighbors in chunks with at most maxNeighbors per packet
 	// to stay below the 1280 byte limit.
-	for i, n := range closest {
-		if netutil.CheckRelayIP(from.IP, n.IP) != nil {
-			continue
+	for _, n := range closest {
+		if netutil.CheckRelayIP(from.IP, n.IP) == nil {
+			p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, nodeToRPC(n))
 		}
-		p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, nodeToRPC(n))
-		if len(p.Nodes) == maxNeighbors || i == len(closest)-1 {
+		if len(p.Nodes) == maxNeighbors {
 			t.send(from, neighborsPacket, &p)
 			p.Nodes = p.Nodes[:0]
+			sent = true
 		}
 	}
+	if len(p.Nodes) > 0 || !sent {
+		t.send(from, neighborsPacket, &p)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/p2p/discover/udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/udp_test.go
index b81caf8392..3ffa5c4dd1 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/udp_test.go
@@ -70,14 +70,15 @@ func newUDPTest(t *testing.T) *udpTest {
 		remotekey:  newkey(),
 		remoteaddr: &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.IP{10, 0, 1, 99}, Port: 30303},
 	}
-	realaddr := test.pipe.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
-	test.table, test.udp, _ = newUDP(test.localkey, test.pipe, realaddr, nil, "", nil)
+	test.table, test.udp, _ = newUDP(test.pipe, Config{PrivateKey: test.localkey})
+	// Wait for initial refresh so the table doesn't send unexpected findnode.
+	<-test.table.initDone
 	return test
 }
 
 // handles a packet as if it had been sent to the transport.
 func (test *udpTest) packetIn(wantError error, ptype byte, data packet) error {
-	enc, err := encodePacket(test.remotekey, ptype, data)
+	enc, _, err := encodePacket(test.remotekey, ptype, data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return test.errorf("packet (%d) encode error: %v", ptype, err)
 	}
@@ -90,19 +91,19 @@ func (test *udpTest) packetIn(wantError error, ptype byte, data packet) error {
 
 // waits for a packet to be sent by the transport.
 // validate should have type func(*udpTest, X) error, where X is a packet type.
-func (test *udpTest) waitPacketOut(validate interface{}) error {
+func (test *udpTest) waitPacketOut(validate interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
 	dgram := test.pipe.waitPacketOut()
-	p, _, _, err := decodePacket(dgram)
+	p, _, hash, err := decodePacket(dgram)
 	if err != nil {
-		return test.errorf("sent packet decode error: %v", err)
+		return hash, test.errorf("sent packet decode error: %v", err)
 	}
 	fn := reflect.ValueOf(validate)
 	exptype := fn.Type().In(0)
 	if reflect.TypeOf(p) != exptype {
-		return test.errorf("sent packet type mismatch, got: %v, want: %v", reflect.TypeOf(p), exptype)
+		return hash, test.errorf("sent packet type mismatch, got: %v, want: %v", reflect.TypeOf(p), exptype)
 	}
 	fn.Call([]reflect.Value{reflect.ValueOf(p)})
-	return nil
+	return hash, nil
 }
 
 func (test *udpTest) errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@ func TestUDP_successfulPing(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// remote is unknown, the table pings back.
-	test.waitPacketOut(func(p *ping) error {
+	hash, _ := test.waitPacketOut(func(p *ping) error {
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(p.From, test.udp.ourEndpoint) {
 			t.Errorf("got ping.From %v, want %v", p.From, test.udp.ourEndpoint)
 		}
@@ -365,7 +366,7 @@ func TestUDP_successfulPing(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
-	test.packetIn(nil, pongPacket, &pong{Expiration: futureExp})
+	test.packetIn(nil, pongPacket, &pong{ReplyTok: hash, Expiration: futureExp})
 
 	// the node should be added to the table shortly after getting the
 	// pong packet.
diff --git a/p2p/netutil/net.go b/p2p/netutil/net.go
index f6005afd21..656abb6825 100644
--- a/p2p/netutil/net.go
+++ b/p2p/netutil/net.go
@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@
 package netutil
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -189,3 +192,131 @@ func CheckRelayIP(sender, addr net.IP) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// SameNet reports whether two IP addresses have an equal prefix of the given bit length.
+func SameNet(bits uint, ip, other net.IP) bool {
+	ip4, other4 := ip.To4(), other.To4()
+	switch {
+	case (ip4 == nil) != (other4 == nil):
+		return false
+	case ip4 != nil:
+		return sameNet(bits, ip4, other4)
+	default:
+		return sameNet(bits, ip.To16(), other.To16())
+	}
+}
+
+func sameNet(bits uint, ip, other net.IP) bool {
+	nb := int(bits / 8)
+	mask := ^byte(0xFF >> (bits % 8))
+	if mask != 0 && nb < len(ip) && ip[nb]&mask != other[nb]&mask {
+		return false
+	}
+	return nb <= len(ip) && bytes.Equal(ip[:nb], other[:nb])
+}
+
+// DistinctNetSet tracks IPs, ensuring that at most N of them
+// fall into the same network range.
+type DistinctNetSet struct {
+	Subnet uint // number of common prefix bits
+	Limit  uint // maximum number of IPs in each subnet
+
+	members map[string]uint
+	buf     net.IP
+}
+
+// Add adds an IP address to the set. It returns false (and doesn't add the IP) if the
+// number of existing IPs in the defined range exceeds the limit.
+func (s *DistinctNetSet) Add(ip net.IP) bool {
+	key := s.key(ip)
+	n := s.members[string(key)]
+	if n < s.Limit {
+		s.members[string(key)] = n + 1
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Remove removes an IP from the set.
+func (s *DistinctNetSet) Remove(ip net.IP) {
+	key := s.key(ip)
+	if n, ok := s.members[string(key)]; ok {
+		if n == 1 {
+			delete(s.members, string(key))
+		} else {
+			s.members[string(key)] = n - 1
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Contains whether the given IP is contained in the set.
+func (s DistinctNetSet) Contains(ip net.IP) bool {
+	key := s.key(ip)
+	_, ok := s.members[string(key)]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of tracked IPs.
+func (s DistinctNetSet) Len() int {
+	n := uint(0)
+	for _, i := range s.members {
+		n += i
+	}
+	return int(n)
+}
+
+// key encodes the map key for an address into a temporary buffer.
+//
+// The first byte of key is '4' or '6' to distinguish IPv4/IPv6 address types.
+// The remainder of the key is the IP, truncated to the number of bits.
+func (s *DistinctNetSet) key(ip net.IP) net.IP {
+	// Lazily initialize storage.
+	if s.members == nil {
+		s.members = make(map[string]uint)
+		s.buf = make(net.IP, 17)
+	}
+	// Canonicalize ip and bits.
+	typ := byte('6')
+	if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		typ, ip = '4', ip4
+	}
+	bits := s.Subnet
+	if bits > uint(len(ip)*8) {
+		bits = uint(len(ip) * 8)
+	}
+	// Encode the prefix into s.buf.
+	nb := int(bits / 8)
+	mask := ^byte(0xFF >> (bits % 8))
+	s.buf[0] = typ
+	buf := append(s.buf[:1], ip[:nb]...)
+	if nb < len(ip) && mask != 0 {
+		buf = append(buf, ip[nb]&mask)
+	}
+	return buf
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer
+func (s DistinctNetSet) String() string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	buf.WriteString("{")
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(s.members))
+	for k := range s.members {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	for i, k := range keys {
+		var ip net.IP
+		if k[0] == '4' {
+			ip = make(net.IP, 4)
+		} else {
+			ip = make(net.IP, 16)
+		}
+		copy(ip, k[1:])
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%v×%d", ip, s.members[k])
+		if i != len(keys)-1 {
+			buf.WriteString(" ")
+		}
+	}
+	buf.WriteString("}")
+	return buf.String()
+}
diff --git a/p2p/netutil/net_test.go b/p2p/netutil/net_test.go
index 1ee1fcb4d6..3a6aa081f2 100644
--- a/p2p/netutil/net_test.go
+++ b/p2p/netutil/net_test.go
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@
 package netutil
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"testing/quick"
 
 	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
 )
@@ -171,3 +173,90 @@ func BenchmarkCheckRelayIP(b *testing.B) {
 		CheckRelayIP(sender, addr)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSameNet(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip, other string
+		bits      uint
+		want      bool
+	}{
+		{"0.0.0.0", "0.0.0.0", 32, true},
+		{"0.0.0.0", "0.0.0.1", 0, true},
+		{"0.0.0.0", "0.0.0.1", 31, true},
+		{"0.0.0.0", "0.0.0.1", 32, false},
+		{"0.33.0.1", "0.34.0.2", 8, true},
+		{"0.33.0.1", "0.34.0.2", 13, true},
+		{"0.33.0.1", "0.34.0.2", 15, false},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		if ok := SameNet(test.bits, parseIP(test.ip), parseIP(test.other)); ok != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("SameNet(%d, %s, %s) == %t, want %t", test.bits, test.ip, test.other, ok, test.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func ExampleSameNet() {
+	// This returns true because the IPs are in the same /24 network:
+	fmt.Println(SameNet(24, net.IP{127, 0, 0, 1}, net.IP{127, 0, 0, 3}))
+	// This call returns false:
+	fmt.Println(SameNet(24, net.IP{127, 3, 0, 1}, net.IP{127, 5, 0, 3}))
+	// Output:
+	// true
+	// false
+}
+
+func TestDistinctNetSet(t *testing.T) {
+	ops := []struct {
+		add, remove string
+		fails       bool
+	}{
+		{add: "127.0.0.1"},
+		{add: "127.0.0.2"},
+		{add: "127.0.0.3", fails: true},
+		{add: "127.32.0.1"},
+		{add: "127.32.0.2"},
+		{add: "127.32.0.3", fails: true},
+		{add: "127.33.0.1", fails: true},
+		{add: "127.34.0.1"},
+		{add: "127.34.0.2"},
+		{add: "127.34.0.3", fails: true},
+		// Make room for an address, then add again.
+		{remove: "127.0.0.1"},
+		{add: "127.0.0.3"},
+		{add: "127.0.0.3", fails: true},
+	}
+
+	set := DistinctNetSet{Subnet: 15, Limit: 2}
+	for _, op := range ops {
+		var desc string
+		if op.add != "" {
+			desc = fmt.Sprintf("Add(%s)", op.add)
+			if ok := set.Add(parseIP(op.add)); ok != !op.fails {
+				t.Errorf("%s == %t, want %t", desc, ok, !op.fails)
+			}
+		} else {
+			desc = fmt.Sprintf("Remove(%s)", op.remove)
+			set.Remove(parseIP(op.remove))
+		}
+		t.Logf("%s: %v", desc, set)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDistinctNetSetAddRemove(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &quick.Config{}
+	fn := func(ips []net.IP) bool {
+		s := DistinctNetSet{Limit: 3, Subnet: 2}
+		for _, ip := range ips {
+			s.Add(ip)
+		}
+		for _, ip := range ips {
+			s.Remove(ip)
+		}
+		return s.Len() == 0
+	}
+
+	if err := quick.Check(fn, cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/p2p/peer.go b/p2p/peer.go
index bad1c8c8b2..477d8c2190 100644
--- a/p2p/peer.go
+++ b/p2p/peer.go
@@ -419,6 +419,9 @@ type PeerInfo struct {
 	Network struct {
 		LocalAddress  string `json:"localAddress"`  // Local endpoint of the TCP data connection
 		RemoteAddress string `json:"remoteAddress"` // Remote endpoint of the TCP data connection
+		Inbound       bool   `json:"inbound"`
+		Trusted       bool   `json:"trusted"`
+		Static        bool   `json:"static"`
 	} `json:"network"`
 	Protocols map[string]interface{} `json:"protocols"` // Sub-protocol specific metadata fields
 }
@@ -439,6 +442,9 @@ func (p *Peer) Info() *PeerInfo {
 	}
 	info.Network.LocalAddress = p.LocalAddr().String()
 	info.Network.RemoteAddress = p.RemoteAddr().String()
+	info.Network.Inbound = p.rw.is(inboundConn)
+	info.Network.Trusted = p.rw.is(trustedConn)
+	info.Network.Static = p.rw.is(staticDialedConn)
 
 	// Gather all the running protocol infos
 	for _, proto := range p.running {
diff --git a/p2p/server.go b/p2p/server.go
index 2cff94ea5b..edc1d9d219 100644
--- a/p2p/server.go
+++ b/p2p/server.go
@@ -40,11 +40,10 @@ const (
 	refreshPeersInterval    = 30 * time.Second
 	staticPeerCheckInterval = 15 * time.Second
 
-	// Maximum number of concurrently handshaking inbound connections.
-	maxAcceptConns = 50
-
-	// Maximum number of concurrently dialing outbound connections.
-	maxActiveDialTasks = 16
+	// Connectivity defaults.
+	maxActiveDialTasks     = 16
+	defaultMaxPendingPeers = 50
+	defaultDialRatio       = 3
 
 	// Maximum time allowed for reading a complete message.
 	// This is effectively the amount of time a connection can be idle.
@@ -70,6 +69,11 @@ type Config struct {
 	// Zero defaults to preset values.
 	MaxPendingPeers int `toml:",omitempty"`
 
+	// DialRatio controls the ratio of inbound to dialed connections.
+	// Example: a DialRatio of 2 allows 1/2 of connections to be dialed.
+	// Setting DialRatio to zero defaults it to 3.
+	DialRatio int `toml:",omitempty"`
+
 	// NoDiscovery can be used to disable the peer discovery mechanism.
 	// Disabling is useful for protocol debugging (manual topology).
 	NoDiscovery bool
@@ -427,7 +431,6 @@ func (srv *Server) Start() (err error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
 		realaddr = conn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
 		if srv.NAT != nil {
 			if !realaddr.IP.IsLoopback() {
@@ -447,11 +450,16 @@ func (srv *Server) Start() (err error) {
 
 	// node table
 	if !srv.NoDiscovery {
-		ntab, err := discover.ListenUDP(srv.PrivateKey, conn, realaddr, unhandled, srv.NodeDatabase, srv.NetRestrict)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+		cfg := discover.Config{
+			PrivateKey:   srv.PrivateKey,
+			AnnounceAddr: realaddr,
+			NodeDBPath:   srv.NodeDatabase,
+			NetRestrict:  srv.NetRestrict,
+			Bootnodes:    srv.BootstrapNodes,
+			Unhandled:    unhandled,
 		}
-		if err := ntab.SetFallbackNodes(srv.BootstrapNodes); err != nil {
+		ntab, err := discover.ListenUDP(conn, cfg)
+		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		srv.ntab = ntab
@@ -476,10 +484,7 @@ func (srv *Server) Start() (err error) {
 		srv.DiscV5 = ntab
 	}
 
-	dynPeers := (srv.MaxPeers + 1) / 2
-	if srv.NoDiscovery {
-		dynPeers = 0
-	}
+	dynPeers := srv.maxDialedConns()
 	dialer := newDialState(srv.StaticNodes, srv.BootstrapNodes, srv.ntab, dynPeers, srv.NetRestrict)
 
 	// handshake
@@ -536,6 +541,7 @@ func (srv *Server) run(dialstate dialer) {
 	defer srv.loopWG.Done()
 	var (
 		peers        = make(map[discover.NodeID]*Peer)
+		inboundCount = 0
 		trusted      = make(map[discover.NodeID]bool, len(srv.TrustedNodes))
 		taskdone     = make(chan task, maxActiveDialTasks)
 		runningTasks []task
@@ -621,14 +627,14 @@ running:
 			}
 			// TODO: track in-progress inbound node IDs (pre-Peer) to avoid dialing them.
 			select {
-			case c.cont <- srv.encHandshakeChecks(peers, c):
+			case c.cont <- srv.encHandshakeChecks(peers, inboundCount, c):
 			case <-srv.quit:
 				break running
 			}
 		case c := <-srv.addpeer:
 			// At this point the connection is past the protocol handshake.
 			// Its capabilities are known and the remote identity is verified.
-			err := srv.protoHandshakeChecks(peers, c)
+			err := srv.protoHandshakeChecks(peers, inboundCount, c)
 			if err == nil {
 				// The handshakes are done and it passed all checks.
 				p := newPeer(c, srv.Protocols)
@@ -639,8 +645,11 @@ running:
 				}
 				name := truncateName(c.name)
 				srv.log.Debug("Adding p2p peer", "name", name, "addr", c.fd.RemoteAddr(), "peers", len(peers)+1)
-				peers[c.id] = p
 				go srv.runPeer(p)
+				peers[c.id] = p
+				if p.Inbound() {
+					inboundCount++
+				}
 			}
 			// The dialer logic relies on the assumption that
 			// dial tasks complete after the peer has been added or
@@ -655,6 +664,9 @@ running:
 			d := common.PrettyDuration(mclock.Now() - pd.created)
 			pd.log.Debug("Removing p2p peer", "duration", d, "peers", len(peers)-1, "req", pd.requested, "err", pd.err)
 			delete(peers, pd.ID())
+			if pd.Inbound() {
+				inboundCount--
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -681,20 +693,22 @@ running:
 	}
 }
 
-func (srv *Server) protoHandshakeChecks(peers map[discover.NodeID]*Peer, c *conn) error {
+func (srv *Server) protoHandshakeChecks(peers map[discover.NodeID]*Peer, inboundCount int, c *conn) error {
 	// Drop connections with no matching protocols.
 	if len(srv.Protocols) > 0 && countMatchingProtocols(srv.Protocols, c.caps) == 0 {
 		return DiscUselessPeer
 	}
 	// Repeat the encryption handshake checks because the
 	// peer set might have changed between the handshakes.
-	return srv.encHandshakeChecks(peers, c)
+	return srv.encHandshakeChecks(peers, inboundCount, c)
 }
 
-func (srv *Server) encHandshakeChecks(peers map[discover.NodeID]*Peer, c *conn) error {
+func (srv *Server) encHandshakeChecks(peers map[discover.NodeID]*Peer, inboundCount int, c *conn) error {
 	switch {
 	case !c.is(trustedConn|staticDialedConn) && len(peers) >= srv.MaxPeers:
 		return DiscTooManyPeers
+	case !c.is(trustedConn) && c.is(inboundConn) && inboundCount >= srv.maxInboundConns():
+		return DiscTooManyPeers
 	case peers[c.id] != nil:
 		return DiscAlreadyConnected
 	case c.id == srv.Self().ID:
@@ -704,6 +718,21 @@ func (srv *Server) encHandshakeChecks(peers map[discover.NodeID]*Peer, c *conn)
 	}
 }
 
+func (srv *Server) maxInboundConns() int {
+	return srv.MaxPeers - srv.maxDialedConns()
+}
+
+func (srv *Server) maxDialedConns() int {
+	if srv.NoDiscovery || srv.NoDial {
+		return 0
+	}
+	r := srv.DialRatio
+	if r == 0 {
+		r = defaultDialRatio
+	}
+	return srv.MaxPeers / r
+}
+
 type tempError interface {
 	Temporary() bool
 }
@@ -714,10 +743,7 @@ func (srv *Server) listenLoop() {
 	defer srv.loopWG.Done()
 	srv.log.Info("RLPx listener up", "self", srv.makeSelf(srv.listener, srv.ntab))
 
-	// This channel acts as a semaphore limiting
-	// active inbound connections that are lingering pre-handshake.
-	// If all slots are taken, no further connections are accepted.
-	tokens := maxAcceptConns
+	tokens := defaultMaxPendingPeers
 	if srv.MaxPendingPeers > 0 {
 		tokens = srv.MaxPendingPeers
 	}
@@ -758,9 +784,6 @@ func (srv *Server) listenLoop() {
 
 		fd = newMeteredConn(fd, true)
 		srv.log.Trace("Accepted connection", "addr", fd.RemoteAddr())
-
-		// Spawn the handler. It will give the slot back when the connection
-		// has been established.
 		go func() {
 			srv.SetupConn(fd, inboundConn, nil)
 			slots <- struct{}{}